EDIT DRDC-RDDC-2015-P120 Canada’s defence establishment is a unique organization, comprising two distinct E MAY 2015 D BY: institutions: the civilian-led Department of National Defence (DND), headed by the Deputy Minister of National Defence, and the military-led Canadian Armed Forces GOLDENBER (CAF), headed by the Chief of the Defence Staff. In practice, however, civilian and military personnel – collectively referred to as the Defence Team – work side by side in a variety of contexts, including on bases, on operations, in military academic settings, and at National Defence Headquarters. G , FEBBRARO & These highly integrated workforces allow Canada’s defence establishment to draw on the complementary expertise of military and civilian personnel. Nonetheless, some fundamental differences exist between the military and civilian institutions, most notably separate personnel management systems and distinct cultures that reflect the D different histories, values, roles and policies of Defence civilians and CAF members. EAN Understanding the unique benefits and challenges associated with this integrated workforce is therefore critical to optimal military-civilian personnel collaboration. THE This volume presents conceptual, empirical and historical analyses of the key contextual, organizational and interpersonal factors that influence collaboration between civilian and military personnel in DND and the CAF. The volume will appeal to a diverse audience, including Defence Team personnel, senior leaders in DND and the CAF, human resource professionals, military managers of civilian D personnel and civilian managers of military personnel, and a more general audience interested in workgroup and organizational diversity. The volume furthers our E understanding of military-civilian partnerships and will contribute to the discourse F on the evolution of the Defence Team within Canada. ENCE TEAM “This timely volume is the first to systematically identify and analyze the key relational and organizational issues central to the partnership between military and civilian personnel in DND and the CAF.” General Thomas J. Lawson, Chief of the Defence Staff & W. Davern Jones, Acting Deputy Minister of National Defence EDITED BY: Irina Goldenberg, Angela R. Febbraro & Waylon H. Dean THE DEFENCE TEAM: Military and Civilian Partnership in the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence EDITED BY: Irina Goldenberg, Angela R. Febbraro, and Waylon H. Dean Copyright © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen, in right of Canada as represented by the Minister of National Defence. Canadian Defence Academy Press PO Box 17000 Stn Forces Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. WPO31076 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The Defence Team : military and civilian partnership in the Canadian Armed Forces and Department of National Defence / edited by Irina Goldenberg, Angela R. Febbraro, and Waylon H. Dean. Produced for the Canadian Defence Academy Press by 17 Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office. Issued by: Canadian Defence Academy Press. Available also on the Internet. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-100-25356-5 (pbk.). ISBN 978-1-100-25357-2 (bound) Cat. no.: D2-352/1-2015E (pbk.) Cat. no.: D2-352/2-2015E (bound) 1. Civil-military relations--Canada. 2. Canada--Armed Forces--Organization. 3. Canada. Canadian Armed Forces. 4. Canada. Department of National Defence. 5. Canada--Mil- itary policy. I. Febbraro, Angela R. (Angela Rosa), 1963- II. Goldenberg, Irina, 1974- III. Dean, Waylon IV. Canadian Defence Academy V. Canada. Canadian Armed Forces. Wing, 17 VI. Title: Military and civilian partnership in the Canadian Armed Forces and Department of National Defence. JF195 D44 2014 322’.5 C2014-980055-X Printed in Canada. 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 The views expressed in this publication are entirely those of of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, policy or position of the Government of Canada, the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Armed Forces or any of their subordinate units or organizations. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. iii INTRODUCTION ................................1 Military-Civilian Integration in Canada’s Defence Establishment Irina Goldenberg, Angela R. Febbraro and Waylon H. Dean CHAPTER 1 .................................................11 The Unarmed Servants of the State: The Evolving Role of Civilians in National Defence Daniel Gosselin CHAPTER 2 ............................................. 47 Civil-Military Relations: The Broader Context Alan Okros CHAPTER 3 ...................................69 The Composition of the Defence Team Lise Arseneau and Amy Cameron CHAPTER 4 ................................................95 What Defence Team Personnel Say: Empirical Results from the Defence Team Survey Irina Goldenberg CHAPTER 5 ...............................................123 The Impact of Canadian Military Culture on the Defence Team Allan English CHAPTER 6 ...............................................143 Cultural Intelligence, Leadership and Professional Identity Karen D. Davis TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 ................................................161 Trust and Interagency Collaboration: Insights for the Defence Team Ritu Gill and Megan M. Thompson CHAPTER 8 ...............................................177 Social Identity and the Defence Team Irina Goldenberg, Waylon H. Dean and Barbara D. Adams CHAPTER 9 ...............................................203 Civilian Training and Military Socialization Justin Wright CHAPTER 10 ..............................................219 The Defence Team: Does Gender Matter? Angela R. Febbraro EDITORS’ AFTERWORD .....................................245 The Defence Team – A Fundamental Alliance CONTRIBUTORS ............................................249 LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................255 INDEX ......................................................259 FOREWORD The partnership between civilian public servants in the Department of National Defence (DND) and military members in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) is unique – one of only a few such relationships in the world, existing largely in other defence and security organizations. Our Defence Team allows us to draw on the specialized expertise of military and civilian personnel to perform the critical work needed to achieve operational effectiveness, and it is their diverse and complementary skills that have made the Defence Team so successful. Indeed, the hard work, dedication and professionalism demonstrated by each member of the Defence Team in the service of Canadians at home and abroad is an immense source of pride. We also believe that we should never rest on our laurels. One of the top priorities for DND and the CAF is to find efficiencies and increase effectiveness through civilian-military collaboration and integration. We must therefore be prepared to recognize that the organizational, historical, cultural and functional distinctions between military and civilian personnel may affect integration and collaboration within the Defence Team, and then seek to understand the challenges and opportunities for optimizing this fundamental partnership. For these reasons, we are pleased to introduce The Defence Team: Military and Civilian Partnership in the Canadian Armed Forces and the Department of National Defence. This timely volume is the first to systematically identify and analyze the key relational and organizational issues central to the partnership between military and civilian personnel in DND and the CAF. It moves through the historical evolution of the role of civilians inside National Defence to an analysis of the present-day civilian and military workforces, including the most recent research into the experiences and perceptions of our civilian and military personnel. The contributors to this volume also examine trust, leadership, culture, diversity, gender and identity, thereby incorporating historical, strategic, theoretical and empirical perspectives on many of the central aspects crucial to the efficiency and effectiveness of the Defence Team. – i – FOREWORD This volume is intended to stimulate discussion and reflection of ways to further strengthen the Defence Team. Although the perspectives presented by the contributors are their own, we believe that this volume represents a substantial contribution to our understanding of military-civilian relations within the Defence Team. It will serve as an important resource for those seeking a greater understanding of the complementary roles that each member plays within Canadian defence, the considerations and strategies for optimizing the partnership between military and civilian personnel, and the potential of the Defence Team to continue to serve together admirably, ready to face the challenges of tomorrow, at home and abroad. Thomas J. Lawson W. Davern Jones General Acting Deputy Minister Chief of the Defence Staff of National Defence – ii – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The publication of this volume would not have been possible without the support of key people. First and foremost, our sincere thanks to Susan Truscott, Eugenia Kalantzis, Keith Stewart and Dr. Tzvetanka Dobreva-Martinova for recognizing the importance of research and analysis on military-civilian personnel collaboration and for encouraging and supporting the program of research in this domain. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Kelly Farley for his