Index This is an index of proper names only. English standard spelling was preferred to transliterations or to French spelling. The article “al” is not considered for alphabetization. ‘Abbasids 4, 22, 36, 46, 49, 63, 64, 66, ‘Aqabah 10, 133 67, 101, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139–41, ‘Arabah, wadi 133 143–6, 148, 156, 157, 215, 219, 220, Artzruni 47 235–9, 247, 250, 254 Ascalon 126 ‘Abd al-Malik 20, 23, 48, 64, 72, 96, al-Ash’ari 313 142, 144, 145, 147, 178, 185 Assyrians 176 ‘Abd al-Mu’min 102 Aswan 244 ‘Abd al-Rahman II 261 ‘Atlit 124 ‘Abd al-Rahman III 271 Ayyubids 137, 160 Abou Gosh 124 Azar 93, 233 Abraha 62 Azhar 244, 268 Abraham 61, 88, 89, 93 al-’Aziz 237 Abu al-Fida 128 al-Azraq 133 Abu al-Qasim 311 al-Azraqi 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, Abu ‘Ubaydah 3, 6, 24 67 Abu Yazid ai-Bistami 78 Abyaneh 318 Baghdad 36, 46, 66, 67, 132, 156, 220, Achaemenids 176, 226 244, 245, 270 Affoula 124 Bahram Gur 148, 291, 297 Afrasiyab 249 al-Baladhuri 142, 148 Aghtamar 47 Balikh 138 Agra Bamiyan 43 Taj Mahal 69, 71, 72, 91, 98, 267 al-Basasiri 244 Aleppo 80, 95, 98, 99, 135 Basra 175 Firdaws madrasah 98 Bethlehem 45 Alexander the Great 237 Church of the Nativity 44 Alexandria 3 Beth-Shan 124 Alfonso VII 272 Bishapur 291, 294, 297 Algiers 76 Bistam 78 Almohads 102, 257 Bryas 46 ‘Amman 131, 136, 151, 188 Bukhara 270, 309 al-Andalus 264, 267, 270, 272, 274 Kalayan minaret 52, 53 ‘Anjarr 134, 175, 188 Samanid mausoleum 309 Antioch 135, 166, 179 Buran 236 321 322 index Burgos 271, 272 Delhi Las Huelgas 272 Qutb-minar 80, 81 Bust 318, 319 Dioscorides 5, 30, 34 Buyids 141, 246, 254 Dura-Europos 13 Byzantium 4, 5, 11, 16, 18, 20, 23–7, 28, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 48, 55, 135, 142, 146, Emmaus 124, 125 179, 216, 236, 247, 250, 254 Ephesus 90 Ethiopia 95 Cairo 19, 49, 50, 53, 73, 76, 95, 101, 128, Euphrates 10, 133, 138, 139, 175 215, 217, 218, 226, 227, 241, 243, 244, Eutychius 3 250, 254, 262, 268, 270, 272, 312 ‘Amr mosque 268 al-Farabi 84 al-Aqmar mosque 76, 98, 244, 245 Fatehpur Sikri 267 Ibn Tulun mosque 262, 268, 270 Fatimids 5, 19, 36, 44, 49, 58, 79, 142, Hakim’s minaret 80 144, 146, 160, 215–27, 229, 231–8, Muhammad Ali mosque 76 240, 241, 243–54, 262, 312 Qala’un’s mausoleum 75 Ferghana 317 Qarafa mosque 244 Fez 73 Salih Tala’ii mosque 245 Firuzabad 294, 297 Sultan Hasan madrasah 84 Fustat 218, 222, 300, 303, 308 Carmathians 244 Carolingians 179 Gagik 47 China 69, 173, 180 Galen (pseudo-) 33 Constantin Porphyrogènete 142 Galilee, sea of 131 Constantine 36 Geniza 239, 243 Constantinople 36, 46, 179, 237, 245, Ghassanids 4 263 Ghawr 135 Grand Palais 142, 166 al-Ghazali 54 Cordoba 5, 76, 79, 102, 250, 257, 259, Ghaznavids 43, 98 262, 263, 264, 265, 269, 270, 272 Ghazni 244 Great Mosque 257, 258, 259, 268, 269, Granada 272 272 Alhambra 38, 76, 83, 84, 85, 271, 272, maqsurah 74 273 Ctesiphon 179, 294 Hagar 61 Dalvarzin Tepe 317 al-Hajjaj 23, 143, 144, 147 Damascus 7, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 40, 45, al-Hakam 261, 263, 264 128, 131, 133, 135, 138, 142, 154, 175, al-Hakim 229, 244, 246 180, 194, 257, 263, 264 Hama 8, 124, 125, 126, 175 Great Mosque 7, 8, 9, 10, 26, 44, 48, al-Hariri 5 79, 91, 178 (Grande Mosquée), 186, Harran 34 193 Harun al-Rashid 67, 236 Hospital of Nur al-Din 36, 39 Hawran 10, 133, 135, 136 John the Baptist church 7 Hedwig glass 252 Mausoleum of Baybars 22 Heraclius 3, 6 Darb Zubayda 67 Herat 270 David 91 Hijaz 136, 264 index 323 Hindukush 317 Jazirah 138, 139, 154 Hira 125 Jeddah 182 Hisham 132, 134, 138, 143, 147 Jericho 131 Hisn Maslamah 138 Jerusalem 8, 22, 25, 27, 58, 67, 81, 89, Humaymah 134, 136, 157 95, 125, 128, 157, 175, 188, 237, 246, 247, 262, 268 Ibn ‘Abbas 63 Aqsa Mosque 4, 8, 44, 45, 74, 218, 231, Ibn ‘Abdun 312 246, 268 Ibn al-Arabi 58 Dome of the Rock 4, 8, 20, 22, 25, 44, Ibn Aziz 53, 231 45, 48, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 97, 156, Ibn Badis 312 175, 179, 180, 193, 262 Ibn Battutah 58, 76, 128 Franciscan tower 82 Ibn al-Bawwab 101 Haram al-Sharif 8, 81, 246 Ibn Idhari 263 Holy Sepulchre 75, 81, 237, 246 Ibn Jubayr 58, 76 Jewish Temple 71, 88, 89 Ibn Khaldun 58 Lutheran tower 82 Ibn Khurdadhbih 138 Russian tower 82 Ibn Miskawayh 52, 54 John of Damascus 45 Ibn Muqlah 101 John the Baptist 91 Ibn al-Nadim 100 Justinian II 23, 44 Ibn Tulun 262, 268 Ibn Zamraq 84 Kairouan 257, 260, 262 Ibn Zubayr 64, 66 al-Kashi 84, 312 Idrisi 263 Khabur 138, 139 Ifriqiyah 177, 215 Khalid al-Qasri 145 Ilkhanids 101 Khilwah 133 India 43, 48, 49, 69, 76, 95, 96, 98, 173, Khirbat al-Mafjar 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 25, 252, 267, 311 28, 29, 31, 49, 50, 74, 128, 131, 134, Isfahan 69, 76, 246, 272, 318 141, 142, 144, 149, 154, 156, 175, 179, Ali Qapu 318 188, 191, 192, 210 Chihil Sutun 74, 318 Khirbat al-Minyah 12, 13, 14, 26, 107, Great Mosque 69, 75, 98 108–16, 118–21, 123, 125, 126, 127, Hasht Bihisht 74 128, 129, 131, 132, 134, 154, 156, 175, Jurjir façade 246 188 Ishmael 89 Khiva 317 Islamabad Khorasan 133, 147, 177, 110, 244, 316, King Faisal Mosque 100 319 Istanbul 76, 272 Khorezm 132 Hagia Sophia 74 Khosro 40, 179, 184 Suleymaniye 77 al-Khuza‘i 60 Topkapi Saray 34, 272 Kish 294 Konya 76 Jabal Says 12, 156, 175, 188 Küçükyalı 46 al-Jahiz 142 Kufah 139, 156, 157, 177, 188 Jam 80, 98 Kunar Siah 296 Java 86 Kushan 317 al-Jazari 5, 239 324 index Lakhmids 4 Nazareth 128 Lashkari Bazar 98, 249, 316, 317, 318, 319 Negeb 133 Nicaea 45 Ma’bad 146 Nishapur 50, 53, 76, 249, 270, 300, 301, Madinah 7, 27, 76, 89, 95, 97, 144, 247, 303, 304, 305, 306 262 Mosque of the Prophet 268 Ottomans 49, 69, 76, 102, 129, 272, 311 Madinah al-Zahra 249, 270 al-Mahdi 63, 65, 66, 67, 157 Palermo 50, 248, 2271 Mahmud of Ghazna 43 Capella Palatina 49, 52, 218, 234, 248 Ma’in 44 Palmyra 10, 131, 133, 135 Mamluks 6, 22, 101, 116, 118, 124, 128, Pamplona 271 129, 254, 272 Penjikent 317 al-Ma’mun 61, 65, 67, 236 Piazza Armerina 16, 142, 166 al-Mansur 63, 66, 67, 228 Pisa griffin 233, 238 al-Maqdisi 59, 313, 315, 316, 317, 319 Pliny 137 al-Maqqari 263 Plotinus 54 al-Maqrizi 53, 142, 218, 231, 237, 244, Potifar 89 245, 254, 257, 312 Ptolemies 216 Maslamah b. ‘Abd al-Malik 138 al-Mas’udi 265 Qadi al-Rashid 312 Mecca (Bakka) 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Qal’a of the Beni Hammad 125 65, 66, 67, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 157, Qarmatians 101 247, 262, 264 Qasr el-Abyad 127 Black Stone 64 Qasr al-Hallabat 137 Ka‘ba 57, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 89, Qasr al-Hayr, East 12, 15, 17, 18, 28, 29, 90, 95, 180, 247, 265 30, 32, 131, 132, 138, 156, 175, 180, 188, Maqam Ibrahim 60, 61 194, 195, 196, 197 Masjid al-Haram 57, 59, 60, 63, 89 Qasr al-Hayr, West 127, 131, 134, 141, Zemzem well 60, 63, 66 143, 144, 154, 156, 175, 179, 188, 194, Monophysites 45 195, 196 Morocco 6, 19, 76, 245, 272 Qasr al-Tuba 156, 188, 190 Mshatta 12, 13, 15, 16, 55, 131, 134, 136, Qasr ibn Wardan 11 141, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, Qasr-i Shirin 294, 296 175, 188, 189, 191, 210 Qasr Kharana 188 Mu‘awiyah 40, 145 Qastal 188 Mughals 69, 91, 98, 272 Qayrawan 76, 268 al-Mukhtar 144 Great Mosque 78 al-Muktafi 247 Qays 138 al-Mustansir 233, 237 Qaytbay 128 Mutahbar b. Tahir al-Maqdisi 313 al-Qazwini 127 al-Mutawakkil 157 Qinnasrin 3, 24 al-Muwaqqar 157, 188 Quraysh 60, 66 Qus 244 Nadir Shah 43 Qusayr 53 Nasir-i Khusraw 218, 233, 236, 239, 246, Qusayr ‘Amrah 4, 13, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 251 33, 49, 74, 131, 133, 142, 143, 149, 154, index 325 159, 160–71, 175–8, 179, 181–4, 188, Sicily 216, 254, 272, 274 189, 194, 196, 198–211 Sikandra Tomb of Akbar 91 Rabat 76, 244 Siraf 76 Ramallah 98 Soghd 180, 196 Ramlah 9, 157, 174 Solomon 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 144 Raqqah 132, 133, 138 Spain 6, 36, 48, 69, 86, 167, 215, 243, Rashid al-Din 311 244, 257, 263, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, Rayy 270 274 Ravenna 38 Spalato 16, 142 Riyadh 99 Rome 4, 25, 142, 151, 179 Tabari 142, 148 Pantheon 74 Tabgha 109 Rumi 27 Taghlib 138 Rusafah 10, 132, 134, 135, 138, 142, 143, Tajikistan 317 188 Takht-i Sulayman 84, 296 Tarim basin 196 al-Sabi 142 Tehran Sadiqi 311 al-Ghadir Mosque 99 Safavids 272, 318 Theodore 45 Safed 128 Theodore Abu Qurra 48 al-Saffah 63 Theophanes 45, 138 Salonica 178 Theophilos 36, 45, 46 Samanids 309, 314 Tiberias 107, 109, 128, 131 Samarkand 308 Timurids 101, 312 Samarra 48, 52, 53, 141, 142, 156, 159, Tinmal 244 219, 225, 229, 233, 245, 249, 268 Tirmidh 249 San’a 62, 100 Tivoli 142 Castle of Ghumdan 62 Toledo 272, 273 San Gimignano 73 Bab Mardum 272 Sangbast 80 El Transito 273 Saragossa 272 Santa Maria la Blanca 273 Aljaferia 257 Transoxiana 243, 313, 316, 319 Sarvistan 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, Tulunids 220, 238, 247, 253, 254 297 Tunis 260, 312 Sasanians 29, 52, 147, 148, 186, 95, 197, Turan Pusht 318 206, 226, 237, 291, 293, 294, 295, Turfan 100 296, 297 Turkmenistan 133 Seljuqs 5, 69, 133, 215, 216, 219, 220, Turks 5, 6 224, 232, 241 Tyre 126 Severus ibn al-Muqaffa 152 Seville 272, 273, 312 Ukhaydir 132, 155, 156, 191 Alcazar 272 ‘Umar 3, 6, 40, 64, 136, 137 House of Pilate 273 Umayyads 4, 8, 13–16, 18–20, 24, 36, 38, Shah Jahan 72 41, 44, 48, 49, 52, 64, 66, 67, 91, 97, Sheba, Queen of 88, 92 127, 128, 129, 131–5, 137–49, 151–7, Shi’ism 245, 247, 255 159, 160, 167, 173, 175, 176, 178, 180, 326 index 182–5, 187–91, 194, 195, 208, 210, 215, al-Walid II b.