GEOLOGY UPDATE AND INTEGRATION A Report by ODIN Reservoir Consultants DMIRS/2018/4 December 2017 DMIRS – SW Hub Phase 2 Modelling Confidential Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 5 2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 7 3. GEOLOGY UPDATE AND INTEGRATION ................................................................................... 12 3.1 STRUTURAL REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 12 3.2 SEISMIC DATA CONDITIONING AND AUTOMATIC FAULT EXTRACTION ............................................... 17 3.3 FAULT ANALYSIS & FRACTAL STUDIES ........................................................................................ 18 4. REVIEW OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION AND ANALOGUES FOR PALEOSOLS .................. 21 4.1 LESUEUR FORMATION ................................................................................................................ 21 4.2 SOILS ....................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2.1 Information and Analogues for Paleosols ........................................................................ 27 4.3 REVIEW OF REGIONAL DIAGENETIC INFORMATION ....................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Summary of the Most Significant Papers On Diagenetic Features ................................. 30 4.3.2 Diagenetic Features/Processes of Paleosols .................................................................. 30 5. DISCUSSION ABOUT PALEOSOLS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PALEOSOL FACIES MODELLING. ........................................................................................................................................ 33 6. SUMMARY OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PAPERS ON PALEOSOLS ..................................... 43 (Beerbower, 1961 & 1969) ............................................................................................................. 43 (Fedorko et al. 2011) ...................................................................................................................... 43 (Cecil, C.B., 1990) .......................................................................................................................... 44 Cecil et al. (2011) ........................................................................................................................... 45 (Catena et al, 2012) ........................................................................................................................ 45 (Chumakov et al, 2002) .................................................................................................................. 46 (Donaldson et al. 1985) .................................................................................................................. 46 (Driese et al., 2005) ........................................................................................................................ 47 (Driese et al., 2000). ....................................................................................................................... 47 (Hembree, et. al 2014) ................................................................................................................... 47 (Hembree, 2011). ........................................................................................................................... 47 (Joeckel, 1995) ............................................................................................................................... 48 (Knight, 1990) ................................................................................................................................. 48 (Kovda et al., 2003) ........................................................................................................................ 49 (Kraus, 1999) .................................................................................................................................. 49 (Mack et al., 2010) .......................................................................................................................... 49 (McCarthy et al., 1998) ................................................................................................................... 50 (Nord et al., 2011). ......................................................................................................................... 50 (Opdyke et al., 1994) ...................................................................................................................... 50 (Phillips et al., 1984) ....................................................................................................................... 51 (Retallack, 2008) ............................................................................................................................ 51 (Sheldon et al., 2009) ..................................................................................................................... 51 (Soil Survey Staff, 2014) ................................................................................................................ 51 (Sturgeon, 1958)............................................................................................................................. 52 (Tabor et al., 2004 &2008) ............................................................................................................. 52 (Ufnar et al., 2005) ......................................................................................................................... 52 (Viscarra, 2011) .............................................................................................................................. 53 (Wilkinson et al., 2009) ................................................................................................................... 53 (Wilson, 1999) ................................................................................................................................ 53 7. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 55 8. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................. 57 9. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 60 Page 2 of 66 December 2017 DMIRS – SW Hub Phase 2 Modelling Confidential Figure 2-1: Harvey Location Map showing the area of interest ............................................................... 7 Figure 2-2: “Break-up" Event ................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 2-3: Late Triassic Climate (After Reference 3) ........................................................................... 10 Figure 2-4 Stratigraphy of Perth Basin (Harvey Area within red box) ................................................... 11 Figure 3-1: Fractures Interpreted from Image Logs Match the Faults Interpreted from Seismic. ......... 13 Figure 3-2: Top Wonnerup 3D View Showing Possible Transfer Zone ................................................. 14 Figure 3-3: Fault Review - Throw versus Length .................................................................................. 15 Figure 3-4: Potential Fault Compartments ............................................................................................ 16 Figure 3-5: Schlumberger’s Petrel ANT Tracking Workflow .................................................................. 17 Figure 3-6: Schlumberger Petrel ANT Tracking Product ....................................................................... 18 Figure 3-8: Comparison of Impact of Seismic Quality/Resolution ......................................................... 20 Figure 3-9: Fractal Analysis using Harvey Fault Data ........................................................................... 20 Figure 4-1: Image of the Earth during the Late Triassic (Scotese Ancient Earth Atlas 2017)............... 21 Figure 4-2: Late Triassic Climate ........................................................................................................... 22 Figure 4-3: Perth Basin, Geoscience Australia. Australian Government .............................................. 22 Figure 4-4: Lithostratigraphy and location of the Harvey Area (Ref: CSIRO, 2013) ............................. 23 Figure 4-5: Facies Model based on GSWA Harvey 1 Core Interpretation by CSIRO ........................... 24 Figure 4-6: The twelve orders of soil taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture .................. 25 Figure 4-7: Example of a Vertisol (“The twelve order of soil taxonomy.” United States Department of Agriculture.) .................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 4-8: Summary of diagenetic processes with depth .................................................................... 32 Figure 5-1: Pedogenic development in a fluvial system related to sea-level cycle (Wright & Marriot 1993 in Kraus 1999 ) ..............................................................................................................................