Naval War College Review Volume 71 Article 1 Number 3 Summer 2018 2018 Summer 2018 Full Issue The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The .SU . (2018) "Summer 2018 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 71 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue Summer 2018 Volume 71, Number 3 Summer 2018 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2018 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 71 [2018], No. 3, Art. 1 Cover The Navy’s unmanned X-47B flies near the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roo- sevelt (CVN 71) in the Atlantic Ocean in August 2014. The aircraft completed a series of tests demonstrating its ability to operate safely and seamlessly with manned aircraft. In “Lifting the Fog of Targeting: ‘Autonomous Weapons’ and Human Control through the Lens of Military Targeting,” Merel A. C. Ekelhof addresses the current context of increas- ingly autonomous weapons, making the case that military targeting practices should be the core of any analysis that seeks a better understanding of the concept of meaningful human control. Credit: USN photo by Liz Wolter https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 2 Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Summer 2018 Volume 71, Number 3 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2018 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 71 [2018], No. 3, Art. 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PRESIDENT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Adam Bellow Rear Adm. Jeffrey A. Harley, USN Seth Cropsey PROVOST Jeffrey Kline Dr. Lewis M. Duncan Gale A. Mattox Capt. Robert C. Rubel, USN (Ret.) DEAN OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Robert A. Silano Thomas J. Culora Marin Strmecki NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Dov S. Zakheim Carnes Lord, Editor Robert Ayer, Managing Editor NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Kate Acosta, Associate Editor Donald Chisholm Kaila Aguiar, Associate Editor Stephen Downes-Martin Timothy J. Demy and Brad Carter, Book Review Andrew S. Erickson Editors Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Lori A. Almeida, Administrative Assistant and Cdr. Sean Henseler, USN (Ret.) Circulation Manager Cdr. James Kraska, USN (Ret.) Frank Uhlig Jr., Editor Emeritus Capt. Thomas Mangold, USN (Ret.) John Maurer Naval War College Review Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) Code 32, Naval War College Capt. Derek S. Reveron, USNR 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) Fax: 401.841.1071 Capt. Sam Tangredi, USN (Ret.) DSN exchange, all lines: 841 Scott C. Truver Website: www.usnwc.edu/Publications/ James J. Wirtz Naval-War-College-Press http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Editor, Circulation, or Business 401.841.2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401.841.4552 [email protected] Book Reviews [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401.841.3089 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 4 NWC_Summer2018Review.indb 2 5/1/18 11:10 AM Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue The Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. 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ISSN 0028-1484 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2018 5 NWC_Summer2018Review.indb 3 5/1/18 11:10 AM Naval War College Review, Vol. 71 [2018], No. 3, Art. 1 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 6 Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue CONTENTS From the Editors . 5 President’s Forum . 9 Allied Navies Into the Abyss? European Naval Power in the Post–Cold War Era . 13 Jeremy Stöhs A survey of how Europe’s naval forces have evolved since the end of the Cold War amid a complex and threatening security environment. More than two decades of fiscal austerity have jeopardized Europe’s ability both to ensure good order at sea and to provide credible deterrence, and have limited its ability to promote common interests and shape events abroad. Japan’s Defense Readiness Prospects and Issues in Operationalizing Air and Maritime Supremacy . 41 Ryo Hinata-Yamaguchi Facing a fluid regional security environment and the need to strengthen its alliance role, Japan has worked to increase the capabilities of the Japan Self-Defense Forces by adjusting the relevant bureaucratic, political, and operational frameworks and making key investments in new force structures. Operational Art Lifting the Fog of Targeting “Autonomous Weapons” and Human Control through the Lens of Military Targeting . 61 Merel A. C. Ekelhof Military targeting practices should be the core of any analysis that seeks a better understanding both of the concept of meaningful human control within a context of increasingly autonomous weapons, and of what human-machine relationship we require. The Role of the Human Operator in the Third Offset Strategy . 97 Adam Biggs and Rees Lee New gadgets are useful, but our personnel are the most critical component to continued opera- tional success. The Third Offset Strategy provides a near-unique opportunity to leap forward in optimizing human performance. We must establish priorities, tangible deliverables, and a timeline. Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2018 7 NWC_Summer2018Review.indb 1 5/1/18 11:45 AM 2 NAVAL WAR COLLEGENaval REVIEW War College Review, Vol. 71 [2018], No. 3, Art. 1 Naval History Charting a New Course The Knox-Pye-King Board and Naval Professional Education, 1919–23. 121 David Kohnen By attacking the problem of professional military education openly and without deference to higher-ranking personalities or bureaucratic protocols, the Knox-Pye-King Board helped place the U.S. Navy on the course that would educate the personnel who would secure the strategic victories of the Second World War and lead the service into the Cold War era. Review Essay In Pursuit of a Disappearing Paradigm . 142 U.S. Naval Strategy and National Security: The Evolution of American Maritime Power, by Sebastian Bruns reviewed by Martin N. Murphy Book Reviews Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post–Cold War Era, by Michael Mandelbaum reviewed by Sam J. Tangredi . 146 The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter-Insurgency, by Walter C. Ladwig III reviewed by Iskander Rehman. 148 Anatomy of Failure: Why America Loses Every War It Starts, by Harlan Ullman reviewed by Lord Richards of Herstmonceux . 150 Fragile Rise: Grand Strategy and the Fate of Imperial Germany, 1871–1914, by Xu Qiyu reviewed by Dale C. Rielage. 152 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol71/iss3/1 8 7191_TOC copy.indd 2 5/2/18 9:31 AM Naval War College: Summer 2018 Full Issue CONTENTS 3 Tin Can Titans: The Heroic Men and Ships of World War II’s Most Decorated Navy Destroyer Squadron, by John Wukovits reviewed by Blake I. Campbell . 154 The Official History of the UK Strategic Nuclear Deterrent, vol. 1, From the V-Bomber Era to the Arrival of Polaris, 1945–1964, and vol. 2, The Labour Government and the Polaris Programme, 1964–1970, by Matthew Jones reviewed by Myron A. Greenberg. 155 Team of Teams: New Rules of Engagement for a Complex World, by Stanley McChrystal, with Tantum Collins, David Silverman, and Chris Fussell reviewed by Richard J. Norton. 156 Gear Up, Mishaps Down: The Evolution of Naval Aviation Safety, 1950–2000, by Robert Dunn reviewed by Robert C. Rubel . 158 Navy Football: Return to Glory, by T.