Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page i Taenia solium Cysticercosis From Basic to Clinical Science Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page ii Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page iii Taenia solium Cysticercosis From Basic to Clinical Science Edited by Gagandeep Singh Dayanand Medical College & Hospital Ludhiana Punjab, India and Sudesh Prabhakar Department of Neurology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India CABI Publishing Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singh, G. (Gagandeep) Taenia solium cysticercosis : from basic to clinical science / edited by G. Singh and S. Prabhakar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-628-0 1. Cysticercosis. 2. Taenia. I. Prabhakar, S. (Sudesh) II. Title. RC136.7 .S545 2002 616.9’64--dc21 2002001332 ISBN 0 85199 628 0 Typeset in Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn. Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page v Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Abbreviations xiv SECTION I TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS: BASIC SCIENCE 1. Taenia solium: Basic Biology and Transmission 1 Zbigniew S. Pawlowski 2. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: New and Revisited Immunological Aspects 15 Ana Flisser, Dolores Correa and Carlton A.W. Evans 3. Molecular Determinants of Host–Parasite Interactions: Focus on Parasite 25 José L. Molinari and Patricia Tato 4. Animal Models of Taenia solium Cysticercosis: Role in Understanding Host–Parasite Interactions 35 Astrid E. Cardona and Judy M. Teale 5. Mitochondrial DNA of Taenia solium: From Basic to Applied Science 47 Akira Ito, Minoru Nakao, Munehiro Okamoto, Yasuhito Sako and Hiroshi Yamasaki 6. Hereditary Factors in Neurocysticercosis with Emphasis on Single, Small, Enhancing CT Lesions 57 Vasantha Padma, Satish Jain, Achal Srivastava, Manjari Tripathi and Mahesh C. Maheshwari SECTION II EPIDEMIOLOGY 7. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: an Overview of Global Distribution and Transmission 63 Peter M. Schantz 8. What Have We Learnt From Epidemiological Studies of Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Peru? 75 Hector H. García, Robert H. Gilman, Armando E. Gonzalez, Manuela Verastegui, Victor C.W. Tsang and The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru v Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page vi vi Contents 9. Epidemiology of Taenia solium Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Mexico 83 Elsa Sarti 10. Taenia solium Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Central America 91 José Garcia-Noval, Ana L. Sanchez and James C. Allan 11. Neurocysticercosis in Brazil: Epidemiological Aspects 101 Svetlana Agapejev 12. Taenia solium Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in Asia 111 Gagandeep Singh, Sudesh Prabhakar, Akira Ito, Seung Yull Cho and Dong-Chuan Qiu 13. Taenia solium Cysticercosis in Africa 129 Michel Druet-Cabanac, Bienvenue Ramanankandrasana, Sylvie Bisser, Louis Dongmo, Gilbert Avodé, Léopold Nzisabira, Michel Dumas and Pierre-Marie Preux 14. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: the Special Case of the United States 139 Wayne X. Shandera, Peter M. Schantz and A. Clinton White Jr 15. Porcine Cysticercosis 145 Armando E. Gonzalez, Patricia P. Wilkins and Teresa Lopez 16. Taenia solium: A Historical Note 157 Noshir H. Wadia and Gagandeep Singh SECTION III TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS: CLINICAL ASPECTS 17. Neurocysticercosis: an Overview of Clinical Presentations 169 Sudesh Prabhakar and Gagandeep Singh 18. Meningeal Cysticercosis 177 Oscar H. Del Brutto 19. Heavy Multilesional Cysticercotic Syndromes 189 Oscar H. Del Brutto, Hector H. García and Sudesh Prabhakar 20. Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis 199 Albert C. Cuetter and Russell J. Andrews 21. Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy 211 Arturo Carpio and W. Allen Hauser 22. Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Neurocysticercosis 221 Fernando Barinagarrementeria and Carlos Cantú 23. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: Uncommon Manifestations 229 Gagandeep Singh and Indermohan S. Sawhney 24. The Story Behind Solitary Cysticercus Granuloma 241 Vedantam Rajshekhar 25. Seizures Due to Solitary Cysticercus Granuloma 251 J.M.K. Murthy 26. Paediatric Neurocysticercosis 257 Sudesh Prabhakar and Gagandeep Singh 27. Psychiatric Manifestations of Neurocysticercosis 263 Orestes V. Forlenza 28. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: Ophthalmic Aspects 269 Atul Kumar and Namrata Sharma Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page vii Contents vii 29. Neurocysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment in Special Situations 281 Ravindra K. Garg and Alok M. Kar SECTION IV CYSTICERCOSIS: PATHOLOGY 30. The Pathology of Neurocysticercosis 289 Alfonso Escobar and Karen M. Weidenheim 31. Single Small Enhancing Computed Tomography Lesions – Pathological Correlates 307 Geeta Chacko SECTION V NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS: INVESTIGATIONAL ASPECTS 32. Imaging and Spectroscopy of Neurocysticercosis 311 Deepshikha Sharda, Sanjeev Chawla and Rakesh K. Gupta 33. Taenia solium Cysticercosis: Immunodiagnosis of Neurocysticercosis and Taeniasis 329 Patricia P. Wilkins, Marianna Wilson, James C. Allan and Victor C.W. Tsang 34. Antigen-based Immunoassays in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis 343 Dolores Correa, Raquel Tapia-Romero, Antonio Meza-Lucas and Olga Mata-Ruiz 35. Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis 351 Taru Meri and Seppo Meri 36. Immunodiagnosis in Solitary Cysticercus Granulomas 359 Anna Oomen SECTION VI TAENIASIS–CYSTICERCOSIS: THERAPY AND PREVENTION 37. Pharmacology of Anticysticercal Therapy 363 Helgi Jung and Dinora F. González-Esquivel 38. Controversies in the Drug Treatment of Neurocysticercosis 375 Bhim S. Singhal and Rodrigo A. Salinas 39. Neurocysticercosis: Neurosurgical Perspective 387 Bhawani S. Sharma and P. Sarat Chandra 40. Endoscopic Management of Intraventricular Cysticercosis 399 Marvin Bergsneider and Jaime H. Nieto 41. Control of Taenia solium with Emphasis on Treatment of Taeniasis 411 James C. Allan, Philip S. Craig and Zbigniew S. Pawlowski 42. Taenia solium Vaccination: Present Status and Future Prospects 421 Carlton A.W. Evans 43. Control of Taenia solium with Porcine Chemotherapy 431 Armando E. Gonzalez 44. Use of a Simulation Model to Evaluate Control Programmes against Taenia solium Cysticercosis 437 Armando E. Gonzalez, Robert H. Gilman, Hector H. García and Teresa Lopez Index 449 Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page viii Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page ix Contributors Svetlana Agapejev, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, PO Box 540, School of Medicine, UNESP, 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. James C. Allan, Pfizer Global Research and Development – Veterinary Medicine Clinical Development, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK. Russell J. Andrews, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA. Gilbert Avodé, School of Medicine, Cotonou, Benin. Fernando Barinagarrementeria, Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, ‘Salvador Zubiran’, México City, México. Marvin Bergsneider, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Sylvie Bisser, Institut d’Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale, EA 3174 (Neuroparasitologie et Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale) Faculté de Médecine, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France. Carlos Cantú, Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirgia ‘Manuel Velasco Suarez’, México City, México. Astrid E. Cardona, Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA. Arturo Carpio, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, School of Medicine, University of Cuenca, Ecuador, PO Box 0101-719, Cuenca, Ecuador. Geeta Chacko, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore 632 004, Tamil Nadu, India. P. Sarat Chandra, Department of Neurosurgery, CN Center, Room 720, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India. Sanjeev Chawla, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, Uttar Pradesh, India. Seung Yull Cho, Section of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan, Korea. Dolores Correa, Departmento de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos (INDRE), Secretaria de Salud, México DF, México. Philip S. Craig, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 5W7, UK. Albert C. Cuetter, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA. © CAB International 2002. Taenia solium Cysticercosis (eds G. Singh and S. Prabhakar) ix Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page x x Contributors