Appendix 1 Demographics of Senegal: Ethnicity and Religion (By Region and Department in %) ETHNICITY Wolof Pulaar Jola Serer Mandinka Other NATIONAL 42.7 23.7 5.3 14.9 4.2 13.4 Diourbel: 66.7 6.9 0.2 24.8 0.2 1.2 Mbacke 84.9 8.4 0.1 8.4 0.1 1.1 Bambey 57.3 2.9 0.1 38.9 0.1 0.7 Diourbel 53.4 9.4 0.4 34.4 0.5 1.9 Saint-Louis: 30.1 61.3 0.3 0.7 0.0 7.6 Matam 3.9 88.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 8.0 Podor 5.5 89.8 0.3 0.3 0.0 4.1 Dagana 63.6 25.3 0.7 1.3 0.0 10.4 Ziguinchor: 10.4 15.1 35.5 4.5 13.7 20.8 Ziguinchor 8.2 13.5 34.5 3.4 14.4 26.0 Bignona 1.8 5.2 80.6 1.2 6.1 5.1 Oussouye 4.8 4.7 82.4 3.5 1.5 3.1 Dakar 53.8 18.5 4.7 11.6 2.8 8.6 Fatick 29.9 9.2 0.0 55.1 2.1 3.7 Kaolack 62.4 19.3 0.0 11.8 0.5 6.0 Kolda 3.4 49.5 5.9 0.0 23.6 17.6 Louga 70.1 25.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 3.4 Tamba 8.8 46.4 0.0 3.0 17.4 24.4 Thies 54.0 10.9 0.7 30.2 0.9 3.3 Continued 232 Appendix 1 Appendix 1 (continued) RELIGION Tijan Murid Khadir Other Christian Traditional Muslim NATIONAL 47.4 30.1 10.9 5.4 4.3 1.9 Diourbel: 9.5 85.3 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.3 Mbacke 4.3 91.6 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 Bambey 9.8 85.6 2.9 0.6 0.7 0.4 Diourbel 16.0 77.2 4.6 0.7 1.2 0.3 Saint-Louis: 80.2 6.4 8.4 3.7 0.4 0.9 Matam 88.6 2.3 3.0 4.7 0.3 1.0 Podor 93.8 1.9 2.4 0.8 0.0 1.0 Dagana 66.2 11.9 15.8 0.9 0.8 1.1 Ziguinchor: 22.9 4.0 32.0 16.3 17.1 7.7 Ziguinchor 31.2 5.0 17.6 16.2 24.2 5.8 Bignona 17.0 3.3 51.2 18.5 8.2 1.8 Oussouye 14.6 2.5 3.3 6.1 27.7 45.8 Dakar 51.5 23.4 6.9 10.9 6.7 0.7 Fatick 39.6 38.6 12.4 1.2 7.8 0.5 Kaolack 65.3 27.2 4.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 Kolda 52.7 3.6 26.0 11.1 5.0 1.6 Louga 37.3 45.9 15.1 1.2 0.1 0.5 Source: Republic of Senegal (1990) Appendix 2 Senegalese Presidential Election Results in the Four Case Studies, 1978–2000 1978 1983 1988 1993 2000-1st 2000-2nd NATIONAL Registered 1,556,742 1,888,444 1,932,265 2,549,699 2,624,762 2,624,762 Valid Votes (%) 62.5 57.9 58.6 50.9 62.0 61.5 PS (%) 82.3 83.6 73.2 58.4 41.3 41.2 PDS (%) 17.4 14.7 25.8 32.0 31.3 58.9 Other (%) 1.7 1.0 9.6 27.5 Mbacke Registered 53,605 62,342 56,362 72,107 78,054 78,055 Valid Votes (%) 82.0 45.0 67.2 28.4 48.6 49.4 National (%) 4.5 2.6 3.3 1.6 2.3 2.4 PS (%) 90.1 75.8 95.6 71.9 46.7 36.3 PDS (%) 9.9 23.6 4.3 21.3 33.1 63.3 Other (%) 0.7 0.1 6.8 20.2 Matam Registered 68,266 68,739 75,012 92,394 80,063 80,018 Valid Votes (%) 69.8 76.2 60.2 48.5 54.8 52.7 National (%) 4.9 4.8 4.0 3.5 2.7 2.6 PS (%) 98.6 93.5 93.9 88.9 60.5 71.1 PDS (%) 1.4 2.2 5.9 4.4 8.3 28.9 Other (%) 4.3 0.2 6.7 31.2 Ziguinchor Registered 29,463 35,999 37,596 46,521 50,331 50,094 Valid Votes (%) 66.7 51.9 64.3 50.2 60.4 59.6 National (%) 2.0 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 Continued 234 Appendix 2 Appendix 2 (continued) PS (%) 90.9 81.0 67.4 56.1 34.9 32.2 PDS (%) 9.1 17.2 31.6 28.1 37.2 67.8 Other (%) 1.1 15.8 27.9 United States Registered NE NE NE 1,547 3,127 3,127 Valid Votes (%) 67.7 42.1 38.6 National (%) 0.1 0.1 0.1 PS (%) 46.4 18.2 23.5 PDS (%) 45.4 35.7 76.5 Other (%) 8.2 46.1 Notes: NE: Not Eligible to vote. Sources: Official results obtained from the Senegalese Ministry of the Interior (1978; 1983; 2000) and the official state newspaper Le Soleil (1988; 1993). Data were triangulated with statistics generously provided by Richard Vengroff and Shaheen Mozaffar. Appendix 3 Regional Electoral Support for PS Presidential Candidates, 1978–2000 (in %) 1978 1983 1988 1993 2000-1st 2000-2nd NATIONAL 82.3 83.6 73.2 58.4 41.3 41.2 Diourbel: Mbacke 90.1 75.8 95.6 71.9 46.7 36.0 Bambey 66.1 77.4 80.5 59.5 49.8 38.0 Diourbel 80.5 77.9 85.5 61.4 44.4 39.1 Saint-Louis: Matam 98.6 93.5 93.9 88.9 60.5 71.1 Dagana 82.6 85.9 73.7 66.5 55.1 58.0 Podor 97.3 91.2 90.3 82.9 53.7 71.4 Saint-Louis 86.1 84.3 ND 56.3 42.4 39.0 Ziguinchor: Ziguinchor 90.9 81.0 67.4 56.1 34.9 32.2 Bignona 93.1 86.0 42.3 55.3 38.8 33.0 Oussouye 51.0 57.0 52.4 54.3 52.4 45.7 External: United States NE NE NE 46.4 18.2 23.5 Other Regions Dakar 70.4 78.2 58.2 41.2 23.8 25.1 Fatik 85.3 86.8 72.2 59.6 51.4 42.1 Continued 236 Appendix 3 Appendix 3 (continued) Kaolack 70.7 81.9 73.9 57.8 44.8 44.8 Kolda 86.8 81.8 60.5 50.9 45.1 40.3 Louga 81.8 87.6 90.1 79.0 55.5 62.2 Tambacounda 93.7 89.2 71.5 62.7 52.6 54.4 Thies 83.4 82.9 76.8 58.4 45.9 42.8 Notes: ND: No data; NE: Not eligible to vote. Sources: Official results obtained from the Senegalese Ministry of the Interior (1978; 1983; 2000) and the official state newspaper Le Soleil (1988; 1993). Data was triangulated with statistics generously provided by Richard Vengroff and Shaheen Mozaffar. Notes Chapter 1 Clientelist Democracy in Comparative Perspective 1. On the anarchist critique of tyranny of the majority, see Alix Shulman’s work Red Emma Speaks (1998). 2. Two notable exceptions, though both on advanced industrialized democ- racies, are the recent work of Herbert Kitschelt and Steven Wilkinson (2007) on the transition from clientelist to programmatic linkages in Western Europe and Japan, and Eleonara Pasotti’s doctoral dissertation (2003) on the transformation of Neopolitan municipal government. 3. The provision of material resources to a politician in exchange for his support of a particular government policy needs to be distinguished from the distri- bution of resources by a political patron to his/her clients. Depending on the laws and political norms in a given country, the former should be more appropriately categorized as political corruption as opposed to clientelism. 4. The argument for inclusion of clientelist democracy does not negate the possibility of other “structural deficits” discussed by Andreas Schedler that may warrant an additional category of “Advanced Democracy,” although the defining characteristic of “structural deficits” should be more clearly specified. Chapter 2 The Rise of Senegal’s Clientelist Democracy 1. The literature on neo-patrimonialism or “personal rule” in sub-Saharan Africa is extensive. See inter alia Bayart (1993); Bratton and van de Walle (1997); Ekeh (1975); Jackson and Rosberg (1982); Joseph (1987); Lémarchand (1977; 1988); and Médard (1991). 2. In the 1988 census, the highly Wolofized Lébou of the Cap Vert penin- sula (Dakar) were grouped with the Wolof, while the various Pulaar- speakers were categorized by their shared language, including groups commonly referred to as Tukulor and Peul based on their primary occu- pation and region. Senegal has updated its 1988 census based primarily on statistical projects rather than household surveys. However, percent- ages vary little and the publicly available data are less comprehensive. Therefore, this study relies on the older census. 238 Notes 3. Since Paul Marty’s Études sur l’Islam au Sénégal (1917), there have been innumerable studies on Islam and the Sufi brotherhoods in Senegal, in particular the Muridiya.