Working Paper 48 Equipment for Post-Conflict Demining A Study or Requirements in Mozambique by A.V. Smith January 1996 Summary The aims of this study were: 1. to find out what equipment mine-clearance groups use and its sources, and to inquire what alternative/further equipment they want; 2. to assess manufacturing capability relevant to the possible production of mine clearance equipment at rural and urban levels. Mine clearance A number of mined areas were visited and mine clearance observed. At some sites, mines were placed defensively around possible targets. At others, mines were laid to destabilise the infrastructure by denying access to an area. Nine groups involved in mine clearance in Mozambique were interviewed, one in their Zimbabwe offices, one in the UK and the others in country: UNADP Cap Anamur Demining (CAD) Norwegian People's Aid (NPA) USAID The HALO Trust MECHEM (British Aerospace) Minetech Special Clearance Services Handicap International All the above were asked about their working methods and the equipment they use. Mine clearance groups usually distinguish between the detectors, which are the single most expensive item of equipment used, and all other equipment which they call "ancillary,'. Of the detectors used the Schiebel and Ebinger models were the most common. No detectors were entirely satisfactory and the best were considered overpriced. We found a wide range of ancillary equipment in use, some of which was locally made. Each group was asked if there were any items of equipment they did not have but would like, and what variations on existing equipment they would find most useful. Of equipment not used, body armour was the most obvious but there was no enthusiasm to use it. No one wanted mine-proof boots either (although one individual said he would try them). Most groups said they would try protective shields for use at "high-risk" times. Alternatives wanted included cheaper detectors that were as good as those currently used, and better eye-protection. Other new or alternative ancillary equipment would be tried by most and tested by all. Industrial capacity There is little in the countryside although the small towns have something that could be exploited. In the capital city there is some sophisticated activity and great potential. Corrupt practices are rife, making import of raw materials and tooling expensive or time-wasting, or both. This situation does not seem likely to change quickly. In Zimbabwe or the Republic of South Africa (RSA) the industrial situation is different. In Zimbabwe, ideally situated to serve both Mozambique and Angola with specialist equipment, we found a range of industrial capability including advanced electronics manufacture Abbreviations Throughout this document the United Nations Accelerated Demining Programme in Mozambique is referred to as the UNADP. Its full title is the UNDP/DHA Accelerated Demining Programme. Other abbreviations used are: D1W–Development Technology Workshop DTU –Development Technology Unit GPS–Global Positioning System SCS –Special Clearance Services NPA–Norwegian People's Aid USAID –US Agency for International Development RSA–Republic of South Africa ZIM–Zimbabwe 1 Background The DTW has undertaken this study as part of a broader mine-clearance support initiative that has been awaiting funding support for over a year. In October 1994 a representative from the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) visited the Development Technology Unit (our "parent" body) in the Engineering Department of the University of Warwick and asked whether we could support local production of mine-clearance equipment in Africa and Cambodia. We carried out a preliminary investigation of equipment needs using MAG as our sole source of information. Our previous experience supporting small-scale industrial initiatives in developing countries led us to believe that we could answer their needs across a range of technologies from detectors to protective clothing and ground probes. As a result a programme proposal was prepared with MAG for submission in December 1994/January 1995. MAG were to use their existing contacts to gain funding support as quickly as possible. Several members of the DTU took a personal interest in the mine-clearance problem and began background research. The requirements of some of the work made it advisable to have a base outside the University where overheads, public access and restrictions on space made it difficult and expensive to work. Accordingly, a non-profit making limited company (the DTW) was registered with senior DTU members as directors/trustees. A proposal to start work on the ancillary equipment needs was prepared with MAG's approval and submitted to the Halley Stewart Trust. That proposal was to visit a mined area in Angola where MAG was working in order to determine the industrial potential in a post-conflict region. Prototype protective equipment would also be designed, produced and results disseminated. The Halley Stewart Trust provided £21,560 to carry out this work in late October 1995. The programme was started immediately. This report details the results of the overseas "survey". The results of the research into specific articles of ancillary equipment and its dissemination will be published at the end of the programme. 2 objectives of the survey The survey was to take place in Angola and serve two main purposes: to assess skills and training needs in mine affected areas to determine the availability of materials in rural and urban workshops. This information would allow us to design ancillary equipment that could be made where MAG was working in Angola. Those designs were to be made freely available to all other mine clearance groups we could identify and, where possible, support offered to help start manufacture. Variations to those objectives Despite prior arrangements, our travel to Angola became irnpossible because the agreed visa requirements were not met by our in-country partner. By thattime, programme staffhad been appointed and travel arrangements made. The need to carry out the "survey" before finalising product design and prototyping was considered imperative. Connections we had made with other mine-affected destinations were hurriedly investigated and we were offered support by the United Nations Accelerated Demining Programme (UNADP) in Mozambique. A decision was made to transfer the survey to Mozambique and to vary the objectives to include: Interviewing as many mine clearance organisations as possible to determine their working methods, wants and needs. This objective was added because we had been made aware that mine clearance organisations work in different ways and to varying priorities. Our contact at the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) in the UK was unable to furnish us with any information about their "competitors", their methods or requirements. Our aim was to support humanitarian demining generally, so it was decided to spread our knowledge base as widely as possible. 3 Mine clearance in mozamique 3.1 Mozambique Mozambique covers an area of about 801,600 sq Km with a 2,500 Km coastline on the Indian Ocean. It has a tropical and sub-tropical climate. Its population is an estimated 15 million. The annual income per capita is US$80, making Mozambique among the very poorest of countries in the world. In 1975 Portugal withdrew from Mozambique after a bitter independence struggle led by the communist group FRELIMO. Within a few years RENAMO, with external funding to destabilise the FRELIMO regime, had engaged in civil war that did not end until 1990 and further incidents occurred until 1993 when UN peacekeeping began. Elections were held in 1994. Isolated incidents of banditry continue, possibly reflecting widespread resentment within the country about a North/South imbalance of wealth and power. Despite being Portuguese speaking, Mozambique was admitted to the British Commonwealth in November 1995. 3.2 National mine clearance plan A mine clearance plan for Mozambique was prepared in 1992 for the UN. This identified four key areas of work: a national survey of the mine problem the emergency clearance of mines from roads and tracks the need for long-term funding for the development of an indigenous mine-clearance capacity the need for civilian mine awareness training The national survey was carried out during the first half of 1994 by the British mine clearance charity Halo Trust. It was published by the UN in July 1994 and is made available to all agencies operating in Mozambique. The survey was never intended to be comprehensive, but in the absence of detailed follow-up its findings are frequently criticised. The UNADP Mines Awareness "Logo" An ex Frelimo soldier finding mines by hand clearance Mines are sometimes in very poor condition, like this PMD6 wooden-box mine The priority clearance of roads and tracks was started in several ways. Contractors were employed by the UNDP, then co-ordinating demining. USAID contracted LONRHO (GB), MECHEM (RSA with British Aerospace) and RONCO (USA) to clear roads. The Halo Trust and Norwegian People's Aid (NPA) began training local people to clear mines in the North, and the EC funded clearance in the central Provinces. The quality of some contracted clearance work has been questioned, but it has been successful in reopening all major routes and most minor ones. A training centre designed to provide an indigenous mine clearance capacity was finally established in 1994 by the UNDP. Despite early problems, it is now operating with 450 trained mine clearance staff. The UNHCR urgently began mine awareness training in refugee camps in bordering countries. It also established a Mine Training Centre within Mozambique to promote awareness. The current status of this is not known. However, the UNADP's own Mine Clearance Training wing has recently given Mines Awareness presentations and the NGO Handicap International are active in this field. 3.3 Current situation The UNADP estimate that there are between 2 and 4 million mines to be cleared in Mozambique.