The Bang! • August 1949 • Soviet RDS-1 • Valley Committee – Chair: George Valley • Technology R&D – Advanced RADAR – Advanced Computers – Advanced Networking • Boxcars of Cash The MIT Whirlwind Whirlwind was fitted with Core memory in 1953 as a part of the SAGE development project to develop something better than electrostatic memory. 22000 Sq Ft, 250 tons SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) Enormous Comm. Network • Modems • Telephones • Fax Machines • Teleprinters • Radar Ckts Four Story Blockhouses • 3.5 acres of floor space • Hardened for 34 kPa overpressure • Two Computers in Duplex, each fills one floor, plus supporting equipment • Generators in smaller building • Enough Air Conditioning to cool 500 Arizona homes in summer, the electricity used would power 250 homes. Then Came Sputnik • US Defense Community reacted and threw even more money at Rand Corp and MIT and other think tanks, seeking a hardened network for military communications • ARPA began working on ARPANET Civilian Spin-offs - SABRE • Research proposal in 1953 • First system online in 1960 Civilian Spin-offs • ERMA – Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting • Bank of America and SRI • First ERMA system came online in 1959 Exploratory Demonstrations May 1965, Dave and Tom departed GE to work full-time on their dream Tymshare Associates Their business market is the science and engineering community around the South Bay Area Tymshare Incorporated • With funding in hand, the computer is ordered – Funded by $250,000 loan from BofA and SBA – Planned to use GE (Dartmouth Time-sharing) – GE Refused to sell them a computer! • Without GE, they turned to Project Genie – As a part of the arrangement with SDS, Tom sells four more computers for SDS • SRI (later connected to the ARPANET) • Shell Oil • ComShare • Dial Data • May 1966, Tymshare receives their first computer, SDS-940 Serial #1 – BTSS based on work done at Berkeley • July 1966, Customers begin free trials – SDS had given six months free computer rental Tymshare Paying Customers • November 1966, Paying Customers – Additional $250,000 funding on strength of first billings • GE emerges as competitor – Forces Tymshare to open LA branch – Forces Tymshare to lower the price to compete • RAND papers on packet-switching caught the interest of LaRoy Tymes • LaRoy had been wanting to join Tymshare and build a network since the 1966 founding – In early 1968, he joins Tymshare Tymnet is Born • 1968 – LaRoy Tymes joins Tymshare – Experimental Tymsat on GA’s SPC-12 – Varian 620i nodes, initial network operational in late 1968, one full year before ARPANET, at miniscule expense • Tymshare rolls out Tymnet to Tymshare customers in early 1969 – SUPER FORTRAN, EasyPLOT, Retrieve, TymTab • February 1972, National Library of Medicine becomes first non-Tymshare “Cloud Services Provider” • Dec 1976 – Tymnet Granted Common Carrier status by FCC Advanced Communications Technology (ACT) • 1977: Engine Prototypes were operational • 1978: Internally Switched Interface Software (ISIS) • 1979: ACT Announced at NCC ‘79 ARPANET: 1969 • $1M Contract Awarded April 7, 1969, to BBN Technologies, a military contractor, for 4 nodes • First link between SRI and UCLA November 21, 1969 (UCLA SDS Sigma 7 and SRI SDS-940 computers) A FULL YEAR AFTER TYMNET • Four nodes operational December 7, 1969 • East Coast March 1970, BBN HQ Cambridge MA • Building ARPANET actually cost up to $25 Million by some estimates T-Net Twin Telenet emerges • Funded by BBN (MIT Alumni) • Leveraging public ARPANET investment • X.25-based, proprietary variant • Telenet begins services to paying customers Aug 16, 1975 • Claims status as FIRST commercial packet-switched network, MORE THAN 3 YEARS after Tymnet Three Beginnings • Tymnet – December 1968 – Tymshare – Tymshare funded development from petty cash – Built piecemeal, on a shoestring, success-based – Each step carefully justified by financials – Profitable from day one, became highly profitable • ARPANET – December 1969 – Taxpayer – Costs unknown, Initial contract was for $1M for 4 node network, and oft-cited total is about $25 Million – Total operational cost over lifespan unknown – Restricted, never commercial • Telenet – 1974 – BBN & Taxpayers – BBN invested heavily and leveraged taxpayer ARPANET funding – Went bankrupt, acquired by GTE – GTE invested heavily, network never profitable – GTE sold network to Sprint Lifespan: ARPANET • ARPANET – 1969–1990 – Spinoffs = CSNET, MILNET, NSFNET – NSF created ANS (Merit, IBM, and MCI) in 1990 to manage “Commercial” Internet • Built DS-3 backbone at public expense in 1991 • Became ANSNET, AUP policies remained in place • UUNET / ALTERNET with partners PSINET, SURANET form CIX to exchange data without ANS restrictions, without AUP, but CIX couldn’t scale, T1s too costly – UUNET and MFS make an end-run around ANS, creating MAE-East in 1992 • Ethernet backbone scales more easily • Commercial business turns away from NSF and ANSNET • ANS sold networking assets to AOL in 1995 for $30M • AOL remains sold to VERIZON in 2015, ANS closed Lifespan: Telenet • Telenet – 1974 – 1992 – Commercial Services begin August 16, 1975 • Always insisted they were FIRST and ONLY Commercial Packet-Switched network • Never profitable • Technology was X.25-based, but proprietary – Not compliant with “standard” – Used Tymnet to connect to other networks – Acquired by GTE (1979), then Sprint (1991) – Telenet X.25 network ended in 1992 • Killed by the Commercial Internet • Telenet customers migrated to Sprintlink • Sprintlink now Tier 1 Internet provider 100G backbone Lifespan: Tymshare • Tymshare – 1966–1984 – 1966: Built SDS-940-based time-sharing system – 1968: Created Tymnet for Tymshare customers – 1972: Offered public networking services • Pioneered the Software As A Service model • Advanced “Cloud Services” Apps – Fortran, Magnum, Focus, many more • Grew to $297 million revenue in 1983 – A relatively small company with huge influence – 1984: Acquired by McDonnell Douglas • Time Sharing business died • Tymnet then sold to BT in 1989 • MCI buys the remains from BT in 1992 Lifespan: Tymnet • Tymnet – 1968–2004 – Miniscule budget compared to ARPANET • Yet stayed technologically ahead, and profitable – Acquired by: • McDonnell Douglas 1984 • BT 1989 (MD was having their own money troubles) • MCI 1992 (Domestic only, BT retained International) – MCI did not want Tymnet branding – Changed name to “The Packet Network” – Wanted to shut network down but it was a cash cow – BT kept Tymnet branding and operated network in Europe – Networking moved to LAN-centric • Frame Relay and ATM • Protocol Conversions no longer important – Tymnet “Value-Added” Network shut down 2004 Tectonic Shift in Networking The Network, Version 2.0 Lifespan: MFS Datanet • Datanet – 1992–1996 – Exodus from Tymnet forms MFS Datanet (1992) – MFS Datanet partners with UUNET to create MAE East, supplanting the CIX – MFS and UUNET create DS-3 ATM-based Commercial Internet Backbone – MFS acquired UUNET 1996 ($2.2B) – WorldCom acquired MFS 1996, ($14B) then MCI 1997 ($37B – along with Tymnet’s remains) • WorldCom attempts to acquire Sprint 2002, ($129B) failed and collapsed • MCI continues operation under bankruptcy protections – VERIZON acquires MCI remains in 2005 ($8.44B) The Road to the Internet • RDS-1 – August 1949 • Valley Committee – 1950 • MIT’s Whirlwind – 1951 • SAGE – 1955 • SPUTNIK – 1957 • RAND Corp Networking Research – 1960 • BBN conceives “Inter-Galactic Network” – April 1963 • ARPA Begins working on plan – 1966 • ARPANET RFP to 140 companies – June 21, 1968 – Most laughed, twelve submitted bids – ARPA only considered four, then narrowed to two – Contract Awarded to BBN April 7, 1969 – First link operational Oct 29, 1969 The Road to the Internet • Tymnet – 1968 • ARPANET – 1969 • Telenet – 1974 • AT&T Breakup – 1984 – RBOCs created – SBC acquires Ameritech, Bell South, Pacific Telesis, AT&T – Bell Atlantic becomes Verizon, acquires GTE, NYNEX, MCI/WorldCom • Sprintlink – 1991 (becomes Tier 1 Internet provider) • ANS (NSF, Merit, IBM, MCI) – 1991 • ANSNET DS-3 Backbone (Taxpayers) – Nov. 1991 • UUNET and partners form CIX – 1991 – UUNET, PSINET, SURANET, and several smaller players – Goal of CIX is to prevent ANS control of fledgling Internet The Road to the Internet • MFS Datanet 1992 formed by former Tym’ers • MAE-East supplants CIX – 1992 – MAE-East carries 90%++ of world-wide Internet traffic • MFS Backbone – 1992 • WorldCom buys MFS – 1996 • Verizon buys WorldCom – 2002 • Bankrupt AT&T acquired by SBC – 2005 – renamed itself AT&T • SprintLink becomes major Tier 1 Provider – 2005 – Also TAT-14 consortium Questions.