MEDIA GUIDE – Media Literacy for Adults MEDIA GUIDE Media Literacy for Adults MEDIA GUIDE Editor: Karoliina Knuuti Editor: Karoliina Knuuti Working group: Emad Alasfr, Akram Al-Jariri, Viivi Itkonen, Petri Kangas, Elisa Kannasto, Ville Koivisto, Terhi Kouvo, Aapo Laakso, Saleh Masharqeh, Yasmine Misk, Tuuli Oikarinen, Anne Tastula, Anna Tervahartiala, and Nibal Thawabteh. English proofreading: Kielipalvelu Kauriin Kääntöpiiri Oy Translation from Finnish to English: Osku Haapasaari Translation Arabic-English-Arabic: Ritaj Managerial Solutions (RITAJ) Images: Aura Vuorenrinne, Markus Viljasalo Layout design: Oy Graaf Ab Publishers: Kansanvalistusseura sr. (The Finnish Lifelong Learning Foundation) and Media Development Center of Birzeit University © 2020 Kansanvalistusseura sr. (The Finnish Lifelong Learning Foundation) and Media Development Center of Birzeit University. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Licence. To view a copy of the licence, visit creativecommons.org. ISBN 978-951-9140-74-2 Media Guide ISBN 978-951-9140-75-9 Media Guide (web) This publication has been produced with the support of the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Finland. The Ministry support does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only the authors, and the Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................................... 6 1 What is journalism? ............................................................................................... 9 Journalism as a societal profession ...................................................................................... 11 How is journalism conducted? ............................................................................................ 12 Journalism genres and article types ..................................................................................... 14 News criteria dictate what we hear about in the news ............................................................... 15 The process of making a journalistic article ............................................................................ 16 The characteristics of TV and radio journalism ........................................................................ 17 Data journalism and infographics first-class services for readers ................................................. 18 2 Critical reading of journalism ............................................................................ 20 The choice of topics affects our way of thinking ....................................................................... 21 Article format crams the world into a pre-shaped mould .......................................................... 22 Lies, damn lies and statistics ............................................................................................. 23 Media and science have much in common – and many differences .............................................. 24 Discrimination, stereotyping and picking experts .................................................................. 25 3 The ethics and self-regulation of journalism .................................................. 29 Ethical principles of journalism .......................................................................................... 30 The self-regulation of journalism ........................................................................................ 30 Journalistic guidelines share similarities globally ................................................................... 32 Guidelines for acquiring information, publishing and correcting information ................................ 33 Guidelines for the professional position of a journalist ............................................................. 36 Guidelines for the rights of an interviewer and interviewee ...................................................... 38 Guidelines for private and public ....................................................................................... 40 Guidelines for protection of sources ..................................................................................... 41 Contents 3 4 What is visual journalism? .................................................................................. 45 The basics of photojournalism ........................................................................................... 45 Genres of photojournalism – spot news, illustration and feature photography ............................... 46 Photojournalist or photographer? ....................................................................................... 47 Shot sizes and composition of a photograph ......................................................................... 48 How far can your camera see? ............................................................................................ 51 Meeting a subject of photography ....................................................................................... 51 The basics of video expression ........................................................................................... 53 The basics of editing ....................................................................................................... 55 Audio narration as a part of video expression ......................................................................... 57 Graphic design and illustration .......................................................................................... 58 5 Critical reading of visual journalism ................................................................ 59 The rights and responsibilities of a photographer ................................................................... 59 Probative value and photographic cogency ........................................................................... 60 The ethical guidelines of photojournalism – how to retouch ethically ............................................ 61 Critical reading of visual content ........................................................................................ 62 6 The digital revolution and social media ............................................................ 64 Social media platforms and tools ....................................................................................... 66 Social media challenging traditional media ........................................................................... 67 Revenue logic of social media ............................................................................................ 71 Activism and campaigning on social media ........................................................................... 73 How to use social media as a business or a community? ............................................................ 74 4 Contents 7 Critical reading of social media ......................................................................... 76 Online conversations tend to be polarised ............................................................................. 76 What is allowed in netiquette? ........................................................................................... 77 Fake news sites flourish on the dark side of the internet ............................................................ 79 Content verification can help in tackling the problem of fake news ............................................. 80 8 Understanding media advocacy .......................................................................... 84 Differences between public relations officers and journalists .................................................... 84 Lobbying is convincing with arguments ............................................................................... 86 Marketing communications .............................................................................................. 86 Critical reading and good practice of marketing ..................................................................... 90 9 Introduction to human rights ............................................................................. 93 Most important human rights documents and agreements ...................................................... 94 Three generations of human rights ..................................................................................... 94 Human rights dilemmas ................................................................................................... 97 The role of the media in human rights ................................................................................. 98 Freedom of speech is the foundation of journalistic work ......................................................... 99 Censorship and violations of freedom of speech ................................................................... 100 Discrimination, equality and the work of journalists ............................................................... 103 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 106 Contents 5 FOREWORD hat is the role of journalism in ip Erdoğan has taken leaps in converting democracy? What should every the country into a totalitarian state with no citizen understand about the ba- media freedom. Also, elsewhere in Europe sic functions of the media and and beyond, populist and far-right move-