Notes 1 Introduction 1. Talk by Harold Silver at Open University, Milton Keynes, November 2011. 2. Ruth Rouse, “Pioneer Days among Women Students,” Student World 27, no. 1 (1934): 54–60, at 54. 3. Brian Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom, 1951–1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), xx. 4. Harold Silver and Pamela Silver, Students: Changing Roles, Changing Lives (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997), 10. 5. See, for example, Carol Dyhouse, Students: A Gendered History (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006); Nick Thomas, “Challenging Myths of the 1960s: The Case of Student Protest in Britain,” Twentieth Century British History 13, no. 3 (2002): 277–297. 6. Reba N. Soffer, Discipline and Power: The University, History and the Making of an English Elite 1870–1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 67–77. 7. Keith Vernon, Universities and the State in England, 1850–1939 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), 3. 8. Callum G. Brown, Arthur J. McIvor and Neil Rafeek, The University Experience, 1945–1975: An Oral History of the University of Strathclyde (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004); Andrea Jacobs, Camilla Leach and Stephanie Spencer, “Learning Lives and Alumni Voices,” Oxford Review of Education 36, no. 2 (April 2010): 219–232. 9. Mike Day, National Union of Students, 1922–2012 (London: Regal Press, 2012); see also Mike Day, “‘Respected not Respectable: A New History of the NUS,” Unpublished manuscript. I am grateful to Mike Day for letting me read this in draft. 10. Catriona M. Macdonald, “‘To Form Citizens’: Scottish Students, Governance and Politics, 1884–1948,” History of Education 38, no. 3 (2009): 383–402. 11. John Field, “Service Learning in Britain between the Wars: University Students and Unemployed Camps,” History of Education 41, no. 1 (March 2012): 195–212. 12. Jodi Burkett, Constructing Post-Imperial Britain: Britishness, Race and the Radical Left in the 1960s (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 202 NOTES 13. See, for example, Tissington Tatlow, The Story of the Student Christian Movement ( L o nd o n : S C M P r e s s , 1933); R ut h R o u s e , The World’s Student Christian Federation: A History of the First Thirty Years (London: SCM Press, 1948); Ruth Rouse, Rebuilding Europe: The Student Chapter in Post-War Reconstruction (London: SCM Press, 1925). 14. Renate Howe, “The Australian Student Christian Movement and Women’s Activism in the Asia-Pacific Region, 1890s–1920s,” Australian Feminist Studies 16, no. 36 (2001): 311–323; Meredith Lake, “Faith in Crisis; Christian University Students in Peace and War,” Australian Journal of Politics and History 56, no. 3 (2010): 441–454; Johanna M. Selles, A History of the World Student Christian Federation,1895–1920 (Pickwick, 2011); Paul Axelrod, Making a Middle Class: Student Life in English Canada During the Thirties (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990). 15. Arthur Marwick, “Youth in Britain, 1920–1960: Detachment and Commitment,” Journal of Contemporary History 5, no. 1 (1970): 37–51. 16. Eric Ashby and Mary Anderson, The Rise of the Student Estate in Britain (London: Macmillan and Co., 1970), 59. 17. Brian Simon, “The Student Movement in England and Wales During the 1930s,” History of Education 16, no. 3 (1987): 189–203; David Fowler, Youth Culture in Modern Britain c. 1920–1970 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). 18. Most recently see Caroline M. Hoefferle, British Student Activism in the Long Sixties (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013). 19. Lieve Gevers and Louis Vos, “Student Movements,” in A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Vol. 3, edited by Walter Rüegg, 269–363 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 20. Nigel Scotland, Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late- Victorian London (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007); Katharine Bentley Beauman, Women and the Settlement Movement (London: Radcliffe Press, 1996), 189; Martha Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850–1920 (London: Virago, 1985). 21. Katharine Bradley, Poverty, Philanthropy and the State: Charities and the Working Classes in London, 1918–1979 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009). 22. Ruth Gilchrist, Tony Jeffs and Jean Spence eds., Essays in the History of Community and Youth Work (Leicester: Youth Work Press, 2001). 23. Brian Simon, A Student’s View of the Universities (London: Longmans, 1943), 124. 24. In 2010–2011, the author collaborated with Student Hubs on a proj- ect entitled “Students, Volunteering and Social Action: Histories and Policies.” 25. Frank Prochaska, Christianity and Social Service in Modern Britain: The Disinherited Spirit (Oxford: OUP, 2006), 21. NOTES 203 26. On neglect of beneficiaries see Anne Borsay and Peter Shapely, Medicine, Charity and Mutual Aid: The Consumption of Health and Welfare in Britain, c.1550–1950 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007). 27. Simon, “Student Movement,” 202. 28. Leta Jones, Coward’s Custard (London: Minerva Press, 1998), 5. 29. Arthur Clegg, Aid China 1937–1949: A Memoir of a Forgotten Campaign (Beijing: New World Press, 1989). 30. Simon, “Student Movement,” 203. 31. Silver and Silver, Students, 11. 32. The Student Community Action papers now form part of the “Volunteering England Collection” at the London School of Economics. 33. The organization latterly known as World University Service went into administration in 2010, some papers are held at the Modern Records Centre, Warwick University. 34. “Editorial,” Student Vanguard 2, no. 1 (October 1933): 3. 35. Stephanie Spencer, “Advice and Ambition in a Girls’ Public Day School: The Case of Sutton High School, 1884–1924,” Women’s History Review 9, no. 1 (2000): 75–94. 36. Mass Observation, established in 1937, deployed a panel of volunteer writers to study the everyday lives of ordinary people in Britain. 2 A New Era in Social Service? Student Associational Culture and the Settlement Movement 1. Alon Kadish, Apostle Arnold: The Life and Death of Arnold Toynbee 1852–1883 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), 156. 2. Francesca Wilson, “Dame Kathleen Courtney,” KDG/K12/13, Women’s Library (WL), 9. 3. C. R. Attlee, The Social Worker (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1920), 187. 4. Matthew Grimley, Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: Liberal Anglican Theories of the State between the Wars (Oxford: OUP, 2008), 43. 5. Keith McClelland and Sonya Rose, “Citizenship and Empire, 1867– 1928,” in At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, edited by Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose (Cambridge: CUP, 2006), 285. 6. Derek Heater, Citizenship in Britain: A History (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 166; Julia Stapleton, “Citizenship versus Patriotism in Twentieth Century England,” Historical Journal 48, no. 1 (2005): 151–178. 7. Jose Harris, “Political Thought and the Welfare State 1870–1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy,” Past and Present 135 (1992): 116–141; See also Melvin Richter, The Politics of Conscience: T. H. Green and His Age (London: Weidenfield and Nicholson, 1964). 204 NOTES 8. Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain 1870–1914 (Oxford: OUP, 1993), 250. 9. H. Scott Holland, “Introduction,” in Lombard Street in Lent, rev. ed. (London: Robert Scott, 1911), x. 10. Edward Caird, “The Nation as an Ethical Ideal,” in Lay Sermons and Addresses (Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1907), 118–119. 11. Ibid. 12. Nathan Roberts, “Character in the Mind: Citizenship Education and Psychology in Britain 1880–1914,” History of Education 33, no. 2 (2004), 180; Reba N. Soffer, Discipline and Power: The University, History and the Making of an English Elite 1870–1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 14–15. 13. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain (Oxford: OUP, 1991), 113. 14. Gary McCulloch, Philosophers and Kings: Education for Leadership in Modern England (Cambridge: CUP, 1991). 15. John Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883–1940 (London: Croom Helm, 1977), 16–17; D. L. Ritchie, “Dr John Brown Paton,” Progress 6, no. 2 (April 1911): 87. 16. Grimley, Citizenship, 43. 17. Keith Vernon, Universities and the State in England, 1850–1939 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), 100. 18. Frank A. Rhodes, The National Union of Students 1922 – 1967 (1968; Published Coventry: SUSOC, 1990), 13. I am grateful to Mike Day for giving me a copy of this thesis. See R. D. Anderson, Universities and Elites in Britain Since 1800 (Cambridge: CUP, 1995), 14–15 for information on student numbers. 19. James Robb, The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, 1901– 1926 (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1927), 102. 20. Julie S. Gibert, “Women Students and Student life at England’s Civic Universities before the First World War,” History of Education 23, no. 4 (1994): 405–422. 21. Carol Dyhouse, “The British Federation of University Women and the Status of Women in Universities, 1907–1939,” Women’s History Review 4, no 4 (1995): 465–485, at 469. 22. McCulloch, Philosophers and Kings, 18–19. 23. J. A. Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism: Aspects of the Diffusion of an Ideal (1986, repr., London: Frank Cass, 1998); Kathleen E. McCrone, Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women (London: Routledge, 1988); M. C. Curthoys and H. S. Jones, “Oxford Athleticism, 1850–1914: A Reappraisal,” History of Education, 24, no. 4 (1995): 305–317. 24. Mabel Tylecote, The Education of Women at the Manchester University 1883–1933 (Manchester: MUP, 1941), 39. 25. M. Pinkerton, Patrick Geddes Hall: Scotland’s First Hall of Residence (Privately published, 1978), 7. NOTES 205 26. Eric Ashby and Mary Anderson, The Rise of the Student Estate in Britain (London: Macmillan and Co., 1970), 59. 27. Tim Macquiban, “Soup and Salvation: Social Service as an Emerging Motif for the British Methodist Response to Poverty in the Late 19th Century,” Methodist History 39, no. 1 (2000): 28–43. 28. Ashby and Anderson, Student Estate, 21–22.