THE DIOSKOUROI ON FOUR-FIGURE ETRUSCAN MIRRORS By DANIEL “WOOD D” WEBER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by DANIEL “WOOD D” WEBER Oh Muses, sing of my very own ‘divine’ twins, clear-voiced Ariel Faith and lovely-haired Gabryelle Raina, to whom I lovingly dedicate this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Etruscan Bronzeworking ..............................................................................................1 The Dioskouroi/ Tinas Cliniar......................................................................................2 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ETRUSCAN BRONZE MIRRORS..................................4 Material and Limitations...............................................................................................4 Types of Mirrors and Terminology ..............................................................................6 Inscriptions ...................................................................................................................9 Themes and Usage......................................................................................................10 The Frequency of the Dioskouroi/Tinas Cliniar on Etruscan Mirrors........................13 3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE FOUR-FIGURE DIOSKOUROI/ TINAS CLINIAR CONVERSATION MIRRORS ..................................................................................25 Etruscan Iconography of the Tinas Cliniar.................................................................26 Catalogue Classification Methodology.......................................................................30 Type I Mirrors: Four-figure with Leaning Dioskouroi...............................................31 Type IA Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors............................................................32 Type IB Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors ............................................................34 Type II Mirrors: Four-figure with Seated Dioskouroi................................................35 Type IIA Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors...........................................................35 Type IIB Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors...........................................................37 Type III Mirrors: Four-figure with Standing Dioskouroi...........................................38 Type IIIA Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors .........................................................38 Type IIIB Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors..........................................................39 Type IV Mirrors: Four-figure with Mixed Dioskouroi...............................................39 Type IVA Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors .........................................................40 Type IVB Four-figure Dioskouroi Mirrors .........................................................41 iv 4 EVIDENCE FOR THE CULT OF THE DIOSKOUROI/ TINAS CLINIAR ...........76 The Myth of the Dioskouroi .......................................................................................76 The Cult in Greece......................................................................................................77 Transmission of the Cult to Sicily and South Italy.....................................................79 The Dioskouroi in Etruria...........................................................................................83 5 ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................96 Attribution: The Engraver of Flexible Columns.........................................................96 The Judgment of Paris as a Model..............................................................................97 Identification of the Accompanying Figures ............................................................100 Pattern Books............................................................................................................104 Relationship of Mirror Usage to the Dioskouroi ......................................................107 6 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................132 APPENDIX A FOUR-FIGURE DIOSKOUROI CONVERSATION MIRROR CATALOGUE....136 B CONCORDANCE WITH ETRUSKISCHE SPIEGEL AND LIMC ........................176 C COMPARATIVE NAME CHART ..........................................................................177 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................178 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................187 v LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1. Number of Dioskouroi Etruscan mirrors in the CSE volumes grouped by the number of figures in the medallion composition.. ...................................................16 2-2. Number of Dioskouroi Etruscan mirrors found in sources other than the CSE series.........................................................................................................................18 3-1. Attributes present on Type I Dioskouroi mirrors. ....................................................43 3-2. Type I Dioskouroi mirror handle types. ...................................................................43 3-3. Type I Dioskouroi mirror border garland types........................................................43 3-4. Attributes present on Type II Dioskouroi mirrors....................................................43 3-5. Type II Dioskouroi mirror handle types...................................................................44 3-6. Type II Dioskouroi mirror border garland types. .....................................................44 3-7. Attributes present on Type III Dioskouroi mirrors...................................................44 3-8. Type III Dioskouroi mirror handle types..................................................................44 3-9. Type III Dioskouroi mirror border garland types.....................................................45 3-10. Attributes present on Type IV Dioskouroi mirrors. .................................................45 3-11. Type IV Dioskouroi mirror handle types. ................................................................45 3-12. Type IV Dioskouroi mirror border garland types.....................................................45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1. Handle mirror and tang mirror terms. R. Nicholls, CSE Great Britain 2: Cambridge, p. 7).......................................................................................................20 2-2. Types of animal head terminals found on Etruscan handle mirrors.........................21 2-3. Decorative border garland types prominent on four-figure Dioskouroi mirrors: A) cable garland B) spiky garland C) laurel garland. ..............................................21 2-4. Mirror with śuthina inscription.................................................................................22 2-5. Adornment of Turan in preparation for Judgment of Paris (R.D. De Puma, CSE USA 1: Midwestern Collections, pl. 4b)...................................................................23 2-6. Mirror with engraved Lasa figure (L. Bonfante, CSE USA 3: New York, pl. 8a).....24 3-1. Hats worn by the Dioskouroi on four-figure conversation mirrors: A) Phrygian caps B) piloi C) helmets...........................................................................................46 3-2. Catalogue Type IVB, 1 (E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel III, pl. 255B). ................47 3-3. Bronze mirror from Chiusi with Perseus (center) wearing calcei repandi without the pointed toe (L. Bonfante, Etruscan Dress, fig. 148). .........................................48 3-4. Catalogue Type IIIB, 2 (E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel IV, pl. 355).....................49 3-5. Two-figure Dioskouroi mirror (R. D. De Puma, CSE USA 1: Midwestern Collections, pl. 8a). ..................................................................................................50 3-6. Catalogue Type IA, 28 (R. Nicholls, CSE Great Britain 2, pl. 10a)........................51 3-7. Castur or Pultuce leading his horse (D. Emmanuel-Rebuffat, CSE France 1: Paris – Musee Du Louvre, pl. 26a). .........................................................................52 3-8. Winged Menrva flanked by Dioskouroi (G. Colonna, LIMC 2, “Athena/Menerva” #182). ........................................................................................53 3-9. Catalogue Type IA, 1 (U. Liepmann, CSE Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2, pl. 12a). ...........................................................................................54 vii 3-10. Catalogue Type IA, 38 (G. Heres, CSE Deutsche Demokratische Republik 2, pl. 21b)...........................................................................................................................55 3-11. Catalogue Type IA, 39 (E. Gerhard, Etruskische