CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. Simile (upama) 15 I. The Gods (Deva) 15 1. The gods in general. 2. Indra. 3. Siva. 4. Visnu. 5. Brahma. 6. The AsVins. 7. Savitr- 8. Mitravaruna. 9. Kubera. 10. Karti- keya. 11. Kama. 12. Yama. II. The Goddesses (Dev!) . 28 1. Aditi. 2. Uma. 3. Sri. 4. Rati. 5. Kimnarl and Apsaras. III. Sacrificial Objects (Yajna) 29 IV. Fire (Agni) 30 V. Sun (Surya) 33 VI. Moon (Candra) 36 VII. Planets (Graha) 40 1. Planets in general. 2. Specific planets, (a) Mars and Mercury (Mangala-Budha), (6) Venus fSukra), (c) Venus and Mars (Sukra-Mangala), (d) Mercury and Venus (Budha-Sukra), (e) Saturn (SanaiScara), (/) Mercury and Saturn (Budha- Sanai&cara). VIII. Comet (Dhumaketu) 42 IX. Constellation and Stars (Naksatra, Tara) .... 42 X. The Earth (Prthivi) 43 XI. Sky (Akasa) 43 XII. Cloud (Megha) 44 XIII. Lightning (Vidyut) 47 XIV. The Wind (Vayu) 48 XV. Ocean (Samudra) 51 XVI. Lake (Saras) 53 XVII. River (Nadi) 54 XVIII. Well, Water (Udapana, Jala) 54 XIX. Mountain (Parvata) 55 XX. Cattle: Cow, Bull, Ox (Go) 58 XXI. Horses (Asva) 62 XXII. Elephant (Gaja) 62 Contents XXIII. Lion (Simha) 64 XXIV. Tiger (Vyaghra) 66 XXV. Snake (Sarpa) 66 XXVI. Other Animals 69 1. Monkey (Vanara). 2. Camel (Ustra). 3. Domestic animals (PaSu). 4. Wolf (Vrka). 5. Boar (Sukara). 6. Jackal (Krostuka). 7. Deer (Mrga). 8. Dog (S"vS). 9. Porcupine (Salyaka). 10. Rab- bit (Safe). 11. Frog (Manduka). 12. Mouse (Indura). 13. Tor- toise (Kurma). 14. Conchshells (Saiikha). 15. Female crab (KarkatakI). XXVII. Birds (Paksin) 72 1. Birds in general. 2. Garuda. 3. Swan (Hamsa). 4. Osprey (Kurari). 5. Peacock (Mayura). 6. Cuckoo (Pumskokila). 7. Eagle (Syena). 8. Curlew (Kraufica). 9. Crane (Baka). 10. Cakravaka. 11. Crow (Kaka). 12. Partridge (Tittiri). XXVIII. Insects 75 1. Moth (S"alabha). 2. Bee (Bhramara). XXIX. Forest (Vana) 76 XXX. Trees and Plants 77 1. The tree in general. 2. Butea frondosa (Kims'uka). 3. Palmyra palm (Tala). 4. Sal tree, Shorea robusta (Sala). 5. Bamboo (Vam§a). 6. As"oka tree. 7. Plantain tree (Kadali). 8. Mango (Ctita). 9. Silk-cotton tree (Salmali). 10. Pipal tree, Ficus religiosa (AsVattha). 11. Reed, Amphidonax karka (Nala). 12. Creeper (Lata). 13. Soma and Putika. 14. Flowers (Puspa). 15. Fruit (Phala). 16. Sesamum indicum (Tila). 17. Black gram (Masa). 18. Rice (Sali). 19. Turmeric (Haridra). 20. Cotton (Tula). 21. A tuft of reeds (Saratula). 22. Plants as elucidative of philosophical or ethical ideas. XXXI. Lotus (Kamala) 86 1. Day-blooming lotus. 2. Night-blooming lotus (Kumuda). XXXII. Metal 89 1. Gold (Svarna). 2. Silver (Rajata). 3. Copper (Tamra). XXXIII. Jewel (Ratna) 91 1. Cat's eye (Vaidurya). 2. Crystal (Sphatika). 3. Pearl (Mani). 4. Gem (Ratna). XXXIV. Relatives (Sambandhin) 92 1. Father (Pitr). 2. Mother (Matr). 3. Teacher (Guru). XXXV. Sages (Rsi) 94 1. Brhaspati. 2. Valmlki. 3. Vasi?tha. 4. Kapila. 5. Dadhlca. 6. Afigiras. 7. Bhrgu. 8. Atri. 9. Agastya. 10. Aurva. 11. Trita. 12. Kakslvat. Contents Xlll XXXVI. Kings (Rajan) 97 1. Yayati. 2. Pururavas. 3. Puru. 4. Sibi. 5. Manu. 6. Iksvaku. 7. Bhaglratha. 8. Rantideva. 9. Mandhatr. 10. Prthu. 11. Dam- bhodbhava. 12. Khatvanga. 13. Nabhaga. 14. Dilipa. 15. Sahas- rarjuna. 16. Rama. 17. Kr$na. 18. Arjuna. 19. Bhisma. 20. Ajamldha. 21. Saiabindu. 22. Gaya. 23. Nrga. XXXVII. Other Personal Names 101 1. Paras"urama. 2. Hanumat. 3. Valin and Sugriva. 4. Personal names as standards of conjugal love. 5. Savitrl. XXXVIII. Various Phases of Human Life 103 1. Witness (Sak§in). 2. Ordinary, common folk (Prakrta). 3. Helpless or unprotected person (Anatha). 4. Intoxicated person (Matta). 5. A diseased person (Vyadhiklista). 6. Dumb person (Jadamiika). 7. Lame persons, persons with crippled arm (Kuni paflgu), blind person. 8. A disordered, frantic person (Unmatta). 9. One insane owing to demoniac seizure (Avista). 10. Eunuch (Kliba). 11. The virtuous (Sukrtin). 12. The enemy (Amitra). 13. An unchaste woman (Pums"call). 14. Impure per- son (ASuci). 15. A wicked person (Nrs"amsa). 16. A distressed person (Arta). 17. A coward (Kapurusa). 18. Hungry persons. 19. Persons afflicted with heat. 20. Base men (Nica). 21. Spec- tators. 22. Neutral (Udaslna). 23. Caste (Varna). 24. Age (Vayas). 25. A corpse. 26. Falsehood (Anrta). 27. Phases of human life as elucidative of philosophical or ethical ideas. XXXIX. Philosophical Terms 110 1. Soul (Atmau;. 2. Indifference to things of the world (Vair- agya). 3. Virtue (Dharma). 4. The Vedas (Veda). 5. Elements of speech. 6. Five elements (Panca-mahabhtita). 7. Sense organs (Indriya). 8. Mind (Manas). 9. Life (Prana). 10. Body (Deha). XL. Material Culture 112 1. Cart (Sakata) and its parts. 2. Ship (Nau) or raft (Plava). 3. Swing (Dola). 4. Iron (Loha). 5. Saw (Krakaca). 6. Weapons (Sastra) and machine (Yantra). 7. Wood (Kas^ha). 8. Mirror (Adars"a). 9. Clothes (Vastra). 10. Painting (Citra). 11. Garland (Mala). 12. Ornaments (Alamkara). 13. Mark on the forehead (Tilaka). 14. Kettledrum (Dundubhi). 15. A leather bag (Drti). 16. Leather (Carman). 17. Needle (Suci). 18. Pot (Ghata). 19. Banner (Dhvaja). 20. Puppet (Darumayl yosa). 21. Medi- cine (Au§adha). 22. Pillow (Upadhana). 23. Trap (Vagura). XLI. Supernatural Appearances 119 1. Golden trees. 2. An imaginary town in the sky (Gandhar- vanagara). 3. Celestial car (Vimana). xiv Contents XLII. Miscellaneous 120 1. Nectar (Amrta). 2. Poison (Visa). 3. Seasons (Rtu). 4. Spring (Vasanta). 5. Food (Ahara). 6. Perfume (Gandha). 7. A post (Sthanu). 8. Shadow (Chaya). 9. Pilgrimage centers (Tirtha). 10. Fog (Nlhara). 11. Anthill (Valmlka). 12. Snow (Hima). 13. Success (Siddhi). XLIII. Malopama 123 2. Metaphor (Rupaka) 126 I. Complex Metaphor 126 1. Tree. 2. Butter and Razor. 3. Boat on a river. 4. River. 5. Ocean. 6. Fire. 7. Cloud. 8. Gambling. 9. Palace. 10. Gateway of heaven. 11. The City of Nine Gates. 12. Chariot. 13. Orna- ment. 14. Lamp. 15. Lotus. 16. Lake. 17. Lion. 18. The old sage. II. Simple Metaphor 131 3. Poetical Fancy (Utpreksa) 133 I. Utpreksa of Verbs 133 II. Utpreksa of Nouns and Adjectives 135 4. Hyperbole (Atisayokti) 137 I. Understatement of the Qualities of Objects of Comparison 137 II. Presenting Something Unreal or Incongruous . 138 III. Fanciful Overstatement with Api (Even) .... 138 5. Inference from Circumstances (Arthapatti) 139 6. Antithesis (Virodha) 140 I. General 140 II. Ambiguous Antithesis 142 7. Exclusion by Specification ^Parisamkhya) 143 8. Miscellaneous Figures 144 I. Excellence (Vyatireka) 144 II. Converse (Pratipa) 144 III. Poetical Doubt (Samdeha) 144 IV. Mistaker (Bhrantiman) 145 V. Equal Pairing (Tulyayogita) 145 VI. Accompaniment (Sahokti) 145 VII. Poetical Reason (Kavyalinga) 145 Contents xv VIII. Description of Nature (Svabhavokti) 146 IX. Incongruity (Visama) 147 X. Modal Metaphor (Samasokti) 147 9. Idioms 148 A. Idioms in General I. Human Body 148 1. Feet. 2. Hands. 3. Lips and teeth. 4. Eyes. 5. Corners of the mouth. 6. Back. 7. Marrow of the bones. II. Animal World 150 1. Lion. 2. Tiger. 3. Elephant. 4. Snake. 5. Crow and jackal. 6. White crow. III. Miscellaneous 152 1. Sesamum seeds (Tila). 2. Grass (Trna). 3. Root. 4. Thorns. 5. Sacrificial objects. 6. Fire and javelin. 7. Mountain and mustard. 8. Mud. 9. Hook. 10. River. 11. Needle. 12. Mirror. 13. Poison. 14. Pot. 15. Knot. 16. Wilderness. 17. Scraping with a sharp object. B. Idioms in Verbal Phrases I. General 157 II. Periphrases Expressive of Death 157 III. Expressions for Goodbye 158 10. Figures of Sound (Sabdalamkara) 159 I. Repetition of Consonants (Anuprasa) 159 1. Repetition of a consonant more than once. 2. Repetition of more than one consonant once. 3. Repetition of more than one consonant more than once. 4. Repetition of words and meanings differing only in relation to their immediate constituents (Latanuprasa). 5. Rhyme (Antyanuprasa). II. Chime (Yamaka) 162 III. Paronomasia (Slesa) 163 IV. Indirect Mode of Expression (Vakrokti) .... 163 V. Repetition of Phrases or Words in a Set of Verses . 163 1. Linkage or concatenation. 2. Repetition of similar or iden- tical words within verses. 3. Chiasmus. 11. Techniques of Oral Poetry 167 12. Index 177.