REPORT NO. 12411-6012-ROO0 JULY 1970 ADVANCED SPACECRAFT VALVE TECHNOLOGY COMPILATION VOLUME II NONMECHANICAL CONTROLS Prepared for THE JET PROPULSION 1;ABORATORY PASADENA, CALIFORhTA 91 103 under NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Contract NAS 7-717 7RW SYSTEMS GROUP ONE SPACE PARK REDONOO BEACH CALIFORNIA REPORT NO. 12491-681%-ROO0 JULY 1978 ADVANCED SPACECRAFT VALVE TECHNOLOGY COMPILATION VOLUME II NONMECHANICAL CONTROLS Prepared for THE JET PROPULSION 1;ABORATORY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91 103 under NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Contract NAS 7-71 7 SYSTEMS CROUP FOREWORD This compilation was prepared by TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, California. The compilation represents the results of work undertaken on a series of programs with the objectives of advancing the art of valve technology used on liquid chemical propulsion spacecraft engines. The compilation is pub- lished in two volumes. Volume I reports the results of the work accomplished on the Mechanical Controls (Moving Parts) study including instrumentation and technology support investigations. This volume (Volume 11) reports on the Nonmechanical Controls (No Moving Parts) and represents those controls having no moving or sliding parts including fluidics and electro-fluid modulation devices. The program was originated and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory under the technical direction of Mr. Louis R. Toth. The NASA Program Manager was Mr. Frank E. Compitello, Code RPL, Office of Advanced Research and Technology. The work performed on the program was accomplished by TRW Systems Group, Science and Technology Division, Technology Laboratory. Mr. R. J. Salvinski of the Applied Technology Department was the Program Manager. Mr. C. Mangion of the Applied Technology Department was the major contributor and author of Volume 11. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the Advanced Valve Technology Compilation is to document in a single source the results of the efforts expended during the past several years on advancing the state of the art of valves and controls used on liquid chemical rocket engines for manned and unmanned space exploration vehicles. The controls studied were those used with earth and space storables and cryogenic propellants at pressures to 1000 psia and operate for periods of up to ten years. The ten year requirement was considered in conjunction with missions beyond Jupiter to the outer planets, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Considerations were given to electrical, pneumatic (hot and cold gas) and hydraulic actuated valves and actuator concepts. Functional requirements for valves and actuators include zero leakage, service life (1,000 to 10,000 cycles), low weight, minimum size, minimum pressure drop and minimum power consumption. Environmental parametric requirements include zero gravity, radiation, shock and vibration, sterili- zation (300°F temperature soak, and/or ethylene oxide sterilant), thermal shock, thermal cycling, vacuum and other effects anticipated by operating for periods of two, five and ten years in the space and planetary environments. Thrust levels used for specific valve and control applica- tions were 50 lb, 200 lb and 1000 lb. Two broad classes of valve and controls technology are emerging which find application to controlling the flow of gaseous pressurants and liquid propellants. The two classes of flow are: 1) Mechanical Controls (moving parts) and 2) Nonmechanical Controls (no moving parts). The first class includes those valves represented by mechanical elements such as diaphragms, seals, hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical actuators. The second class represents a group of fluid controls that have no sliding or moving parts and include fluidics and electric and magnetic fluid interaction devices. The valve compilation is produced in two volumes, Volume I Mechanical Controls and Volume I1 Nonmechanical ContFols. The compilation is divided into eight sections which make up the two volumes. Volume I - Mechanical Controls 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Operational, Functional and Environmental Considerations 3.0 Materials 4.0 Valves 5.0 Leakage and Seal Technology 6.0 Valve Actuators 7.0 Instrmentation and Measurement Volume II - Nomechanical Controls 8.0 Fluidics Fluidics is a new technology which is based on the utilization of fluid dynamic phenomena to performing sensing, signal amplification and process- ing, and power amplification in control functions without moving parts. Hybrid devices based on fluidic principles as well as fluidic components are being considered for spacecraft liquid propulsion application because of the unique capabilities they offer. The elimination or minimization of moving mechanical parts allows the design of more rugged components, with improved reliability, that can be fabricated from a wide range of materials. These characteristics coupled with fluid operation results in components that are insensitive to extreme temperature, radiation, vibration, and shock environments. The major source of the material used in compiling the Volume I1 compila- tion were taken from the following references: 1. Advanced Valve Technology, Interim Report No. 06641-6004-R000, November 1966, Contract NAS 7-436. 2. Advanced Valve Technology, Interim Report No. 06641-6014-R000, Volume I, Spacecraft Valve Technology, Volume 11, Materials Compatibility and Liquid Propellant Study, November 1967, Contract NAS 7-436. 3. Advanced Valve Technology, Interim Report No. 06641-6023-R000, Volume 11, Nonmechanical Controls, January 1969, Contract NAS 7-436. CONTENTS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1.1 Definition and Role of Fluidics 8.1.2 Advantages and Limitations of Fluidics 8.1.3 The Basis for Fluidics 8.2 FLUIDIC STANDARDS 8.2.1 Fundamental Theory 8.2.2 Units, Dimensions, and Nomenclature 8.2.3 Terminology 8.2.4 Graphical Symbology 8.3 SURVEYS 8.3.1 Fluidic Literature Bibliography 8.3.2 Fluidic Patent Bibliography 8.3.3 Fluidic Subject Index 8.4 FLUIDICS STATE OF THE ART 8.4.1 Component Rating Analysis Chart 8.4.2 Basic Device Phenomena 8.4.3 Wall Attachment Amplifier 8.4.4 Beam Deflection Amplifier 8.4.5 Vortex Devices 8.4.6 Logical NOR Amplifiers 8.4.7 Special Devices 8.4.8 Oscillators 8.4.9 Moving Part Devices 8.4.10 Fluid Interfaces 8.4.11 Fluidic Sensors 8.4.12 Fabrication and Materials 8.4.12 Test Equipment 8.5 FLUIDICS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8,s.1 Problems and Limitations 8.5.2 Application Criteria 8.5.3 Typical Applications CONTENTS (Continued) 8.5.4 Component Analysis and Design 8.5.5 Control Circuit Design 8.5.6 Formal Analysis 8.6 PROPULSION APPLICATION STUDIES 8.6.1 Preliminary Considerations 8.6.2 Generalized Application Criteria 8.6.3 Fluidic Pressure References 8.6.4 Fluidic Pressure Regulation 8.6.5 Propulsion Subsystem Application Study 8.6.6 Gas Pressure Regulator Study 8.6.7 Propellant Flow Control Study 8.7 FLUIDIC CONCEPTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS 8.7.1 Vented Jet Evaluation 8.7.2 Electrical Interfaces 8.7.3 Piezoelectric E-F Transducer 8.7.4 E-F Digital Output Selector 8.7.5 Fluidic Power Supplies 8.7.6 Venturi Sump 8.8 REFERENCES APPENDIX 8-A FLUIDIC NOMENCLATURE AND UNITS APPENDIX 8-B FLUIDIC TERMINOLOGY LIST , APPENDIX 8-C FLUIDIC GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS ILLUSTRATIONS Prandtl Diffuser ...............................*...*... Teslats Valvular Conduit ............................... The Coanda Effect ...................................... Basic Fluidic Device ................................... Beam Deflection Effect ............................... Impact Modulation Effect ............................... Controlled Turbulence Effect ........................... The Coanda Effect (Attachment) ......................... Separation Effect ...................................... Vortex Flow Effect .................................... Basic Wall Attachment Device ........................... Switching Mechanism in Bistable Wall Attachment Device . Factors Influencing Performance of a Wall Attachment Amplifier .............................................. Wall Attachment Logic Elements ......................... Flip-Flop Model DF34 (Courtesy of General Electric) .... OR/NOR Performance (Courtesy of General Electric) ...... Two Input Monostable Digital Amplifier (Courtesy of General Electric) ...................................... Beam Deflection Amplifier Configuration ................ Center Dump Proportional Amplifier ..................... Proportional Amplifier Performance (Courtesy of General Electric) .. .................................... Rectifier Performance (Courtesy of General Electric) ... Trimable Proportional Amplifier (Courtesy of Aviation Electric) ..................................... Two-Dimensional Vortex Chamber ......................... Vortex Diode ........................................... Basic Nonvented Vortex Amplifier Configuration ......... Nonvented Vortex Amplifier Button Configuration ........ Dual Nonvented Vortex Amplifier Configuration .......... Nonvented Vortex Amplifier Normalized Configuration (Co~ar-tesyof General Electric) ......................... Vented Vortex hplifier................................ Vortex Pressure Amplifier Configuration ................ vii Typical Pressure Gain Characteristic Vented Vortex Amplifier ....................................... Turbulence Amplifier Configuration and Operation ....... Turbulence Amplifier Input-Output Characteristics ...... Flow Interaction NOR Gate .............................. Flow Interaction NOR Input-Output Characteristics ...... Laminar NOR Gate ....................................... Impact Modulator NOR Gate .............................