Socio-Economic Baseline Survey of Villages Adjacent to the Vidunda Catchment Area, Bordering Udzungwa Mountains National Park Incorporating a Socio-Economic Monitoring Plan for 29 Villages North and East of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park Paul Harrison November 2006 WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE TANZANIA PROGRAMME OFFICE (WWF-TPO) WITH SUPPORT FROM WWF NORWAY AND NORAD Socio-Economic Baseline Survey of Villages Adjacent to the Vidunda Catchment Area, Bordering Udzungwa Mountains National Park Report compiled by Paul Harrison, Kilimanyika Produced on behalf of WWF Tanzania Programme Office, P. O. Box 63117, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Co-Financed by NORAD and WWF Norway All photographs © Kilimanyika, unless otherwise stated. A series of photographs accompanying this report may be obtained by contacting Kilimanyika The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of WWF Tanzania, WWF Norway or NORAD. Bankipore House High Street Brill, Bucks HP18 9ST, UK Tel. +44 7739 803 704 Email: [email protected] Web: www.kilimanyika.com 2 Paul Harrison/Kilimanyika for WWF Tanzania Table of Contents Tables and Figures..............................................................................................................................................4 Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................6 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................7 1 Background .........................................................................................................................................7 2 Key Findings .......................................................................................................................................7 3 Monitoring Steps .................................................................................................................................8 Scope of Study....................................................................................................................................................9 1 Importance of the Study ......................................................................................................................9 2 Background to the Study .....................................................................................................................9 3 Objective of the Study .......................................................................................................................10 4 Structure and Method of the Study....................................................................................................10 Context & Literature Review............................................................................................................................12 1 Geographical Context........................................................................................................................12 2 List and Population of Study Villages ...............................................................................................13 3 Previous Socio-Economic Research..................................................................................................14 4 Participatory Forest Management (PFM) ..........................................................................................15 Report on Vidunda Villages .............................................................................................................................16 1 Villages Profiled................................................................................................................................16 2 Household Survey .............................................................................................................................16 3 Land and Home Ownership...............................................................................................................17 4 Standards of Living ...........................................................................................................................18 5 Available Assets ................................................................................................................................21 6 Use of and Dependence on Natural Assets........................................................................................25 7 Values of the Forest...........................................................................................................................28 8 Livelihood Activities .........................................................................................................................28 9 Seasonal Activities ............................................................................................................................30 10 Vulnerability and Shocks...................................................................................................................31 11 Land Use Planning ............................................................................................................................31 12 Influential Institutions........................................................................................................................32 13 Alternative Livelihood Programmes..................................................................................................34 14 Level of Environmental Awareness...................................................................................................34 Findings from Stakeholder Consultations.........................................................................................................36 1 Government Natural Resource Managers..........................................................................................36 2 Commercial Stakeholders..................................................................................................................39 Socio-Economic Monitoring Plan ....................................................................................................................41 1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................41 2 Background .......................................................................................................................................41 3 Ten Key Steps....................................................................................................................................42 Discussion & Recommendations......................................................................................................................48 1 Monitoring the Future........................................................................................................................48 2 Summarising Livelihood Activities...................................................................................................48 3 Capacity Building and Institutional Change......................................................................................48 4 High Dependency on Natural Resources...........................................................................................48 5 Environmental Awareness.................................................................................................................49 6 Energy Options..................................................................................................................................49 7 Market Realities.................................................................................................................................50 References ........................................................................................................................................................51 Appendix 1. Methodology................................................................................................................................53 1 Criteria...............................................................................................................................................53 2 Socio-Economic Baseline Study & Livelihoods Assessment............................................................53 3 Rapid Rural Appraisal .......................................................................................................................54 4 Stakeholder Consultations .................................................................................................................55 Appendix 2: Communities & Stakeholders Consulted .....................................................................................56 1 Stakeholders ......................................................................................................................................56 2 Community Members........................................................................................................................56 Appendix 3: Quantitative Questionnaire ..........................................................................................................60 Appendix 4: Livelihood Assessment Checklist ................................................................................................64