Fig. 1. Et-Taiyiba village in Ramallah, Palestine 24 e-dialogos · Annual digital journal on research in Conservation and Cultural Heritage · n 1 · august 2011 e-δialogos /1 CONSERVATION POLICIES IN PALESTINE: A CRITICAL REVIEW Mazen Iwais Archaeologist of PICLS (Palestinian Institution for Cultural Landscape Studies), PALESTINE [email protected] The attempt in this paper is to hold a critical review by conducting an excavation into two decades of conservation policies in Palestine that have been previously directed by NGOs with donors’ fi nancial aid. Keywords: Palestine – heritage – policies – conservation – archaeology 1. INTRODUCTION (KHAN, 2004: 8), which determined the transition of the subject from the academic environment to the An accurate analysis over the subject of conservation NGOs environment. and awareness of cultural-archaeological heritage requires going beyond the recurrent idea of the The third part goes toward an assertive analysis, systematic external destruction and placing the presenting thematic frames and examining the discussion deeper into the Palestinian courtyard. implementation of conservation policies with focus Palestinians have more than 15 years of work in on the practice of these policies in the restoration and conservation - a good ground to conduct this rehabilitation process of traditional architecture. discussion over and an inherent call to bear more responsibility in determining priorities and agendas in conservation. 2. A DISCUSSION OVER THE TERMINOLOGY AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF ‘RECENT PAST’ The fi rst part of the paper addresses the subject of traditional architecture, which has been considered The discussion over the Recent past as a term and under the discipline of the Ottoman archaeology. its chronology is still in maturation and debatable. This particular fi eld study was infl uenced by the The recent past based chronology in the Middle East Ethno-archaeological approach and Processualism and Eastern Mediterranean has been conceptualized throughout the 1980s (GLOCK, 1994; NEGEV, GIBSON, or determined by historical archaeologists as the 2001: 51). Subsequently, a presentation of the NGOs’ discipline of the Ottoman archaeology. According to trends active in the fi eld since 1994 to the present day Baram: “for the Middle East, the recent past is the (AMIRY and BsSHARA, 2007: 70-72). epoch when the Ottoman Empire ruled over a region from the Black Sea to the Red Sea, from Mediterranean The second part is a diagnosis of the objectives and to the Tigris–Euphrates Rivers” (BARAM, 2009 647). historical circumstances which led to the transition The subject of traditional architecture grew, following between the two eras (Hanafi and Tabar 2004, 215). the lead of post-medieval archaeology in Western From the 1980s and 1990s up to the present time, Europe and Historical Archaeology in North America a signifi cant shift was noticed in how researchers and coastal Africa, towards archaeology of the recent approached the subject of traditional architecture. past of the Middle East. Those calls included improving There are several articulations or landmarks of the shift, the discipline of archaeology by testing notions in primarily the political shift “Palestinian Entity or PNA” the material record of the recent past, fi nding the e-dialogos · Annual digital journal on research in Conservation and Cultural Heritage · n 1 · august 2011 · pp. 24- 33 25 commonalities in history for national groups that excavation seasons between 1985 and 1987, and the imagined their pasts as separate, and countering the ethnographical study of the Ottoman settlement impact of colonialism and imperialism in the region by in Ti’innik village in the West Bank. (Until the 1950’s, exposing historical trajectories (BARAM, CARROLL, people of Ti’innik and most of the Near East lived in 2002). clusters of single room houses built around an open courtyard which they called ahawâsh. Each cluster While admitting the view of Baram and Caroll and (singular is hawsh), which is both an architectural other contributions in the subject of the recent past and residential unit, was occupied by members of an and the discipline of Historical archaeology, there extended family. Close residence maintained the close is a need to expand the discussion over the term ties of family members which are essential in societies and its chronology onward the Ottoman period/ that depended on collective labor in cultivating the archaeology, for diff erent objective reasons which can land (ZIADEH-SEELY, 1995: 85). be summed in. Already we are closely approaching the completion of a century since the decline of the The decline of the Palestinian archaeology program in Ottoman Empire in 1917. In addition, there should be Bir Zeit University after the murder of Albert Glock, led mention of the geopolitical changes that emerged to a decline of the excavation projects in Tel T’innik and in the Middle East since the demise of the Ottoman the ethno-graphical research project. However, part of Empire, which have not been approached or practiced the results of this project from the Ottoman site was within the archaeological methods. For instance, in published by Ghada Ziadeh-Seely, and the rest of the Palestine many studies have been published regarding results are still stored in containers in the institute of the British mandate period 1917-1948, the main one Palestinian archaeology at Bir zeit University waiting belonging to Dove Gavish: A Survey of Palestine under for publication. the British Mandate 1920-1948. Other related studies introduced the historical geography of Palestine, the During the last two decades we have three key mapping system, surveys and cartography and other contributions illustrating the landscape of Palestine. subjects such as demography, land use and proprieties First one is The Landscape of Palestine: Equivocal between Palestinians and Jewish during the same Poetry (1999), edited by Ibrahim Abu-Lughod and period. Only few of the studies though represented others, with contribution from Edward Said regarding the archaeological aspect. the memory and the space. The second one is the Conference of the Conservation and Management of The call for using archaeological perspectives as part Landscape in Confl ict Zones, held in 2007 in Bir Zeit of the recent past in the Middle East doesn’t aim to University. The third one is the WAC Inter-congress, more entanglement of the fi eld in the current political held in Ramallah in 2009, under the term of Structural issues. The implementation of this call is to enable Violence. an archaeological interrogation and examination of the recent layers, using material culture, artifacts, Despite the several contributions related to the excavations, landscape surveys, modern unapplied landscape of Palestine, the implementation of technologies and multi-disciplinary approaches, the protection and the preservation of cultural– where narratives and historical documents lack the archaeological heritage are still focused on single full answer for the questions of the humanities in monuments, sites and features, or it is still limited general. One example is the archaeological approach around the restoration projects in selected sites on the war of 1948, from which we have the remains or old towns. Currently eff orts are being made by of tens of Palestinian villages. Moreover, the post- researchers in the fi elds of archaeology, geography 1948 period, until the war of 1967, also submits to and architecture to adopt the landscape approach archaeological interpretation. toward an agenda for protection and preservation of cultural-archaeological landscape (BARGOUTH, NASER, 2007: 1-2). 3. CONSERVATION POLICIES AND THE NGOS ERA FROM 1994 ONWARD Theoretically, the agenda is to re-conceptualize the conservation policies of traditional architecture in The major interpretation about traditional settlements the context of the landscape; therefore, the current from the Ottoman period in Palestine was made by conservation policies that are dealing with traditional Albert Glock and Ghada Ziadeh-Seely through the houses as one unit ignore the diversity, contextuality 26 e-dialogos · Annual digital journal on research in Conservation and Cultural Heritage · n 1 · august· pp.2011 24- 33 e-δialogos /1 Fig. 2. ‘Abwein village. General view of the old town. Ramallah, Pales- tine. and the variety in traditional houses and old towns. what was identifi ed as historical buildings, without any The practical side is to apply the documentation scientifi c or professional criteria establishing what techniques before any rehabilitation or restoration makes a building historical or non-historical. Perhaps process or decision, using unapplied technologies the chronology of the historical building according such as GIS, aerial photos, special analysis and remote to those NGOs is not clear either. It is mentioned in sensing, etc. On the Palestinian scale, traditional Riwaq Registry of the Historical Buildings that there architecture should be approached as representative are 50320 historic buildings in the West Bank, Gaza for the rural communities in the landscape. Peasants strip and Eastern Jerusalem (See Riwaq Website). acted as architects, contractors and planers at the same time therefore conservations policies must be The observation in this part aims to expose, on one re-conceptualized and adapted within this context, side, the bias selection criteria in conservation, in order to dismantle the gap between indigenous through the restoration