OccAsioNAl PApERs/ REpRiNTS SERiEs iN CoNTEMpoRARY •• AsiAN STudiEs NUMBER 5 - 1986 {76) COMMUNICATIONS AND CHINA'S NATIONAL INTEGRATION: AN , ANALYSIS OF PEOPLE'S DAILY •I AND CENTRAL DAILY NEWS ON • THE CHINA REUNIFICATION ISSUE Shuhua Chang SclloolofLAw UNivERsiTy of 0 c:.•• MARylANd_. 0 ' Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies General Editor: Hungdah Chiu Executive Editor: Jaw-ling Joanne Chang Acting Managing Editor: Shaiw-chei Chuang Editorial Advisory Board Professor Robert A. Scalapino, University of California at Berkeley Professor Martin Wilbur, Columbia University Professor Gaston J. Sigur, George Washington University Professor Shao-chuan Leng, University of Virginia Professor James Hsiung, New York University Dr. Lih-wu Han, Political Science Association of the Republic of China Professor J. S. Prybyla, The Pennsylvania State University Professor Toshio Sawada, Sophia University, Japan Professor Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Center for International Politics, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany Professor Choon-ho Park, International Legal Studies Korea University, Republic of Korea Published with the cooperation of the Maryland International Law Society All contributions (in English only) and communications should be sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu, University of Maryland School of Law, 500 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 USA. All publications in this series reflect only the views of the authors. While the editor accepts responsibility for the selection of materials to be published, the individual author is responsible for statements of facts and expressions of opinion con­ tained therein. Subscription is US $15.00 for 6 issues (regardless of the price of individual issues) in the United States and Canada and $20.00 for overseas. Check should be addressed to OPRSCAS and sent to Professor Hungdah Chiu. Price for single copy of this issue: US $8.00 © 1986 copublished by Monograph Series in World Affairs, University of Denver and Occasional Papers/Reprint Series in Contemporary Asian Studies, Inc. ISSN 0730-0107 ISBN 0-942182-79-0 U.S. Library of Congress Card catalog No. 87-060864 COMMUNICATIONS AND CHINA'S NATIONAL INTEGRATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE'S DAILY AND THE CENTRAL DAILY NEWS ON THE CHINA REUNIFICATION ISSUE Shuhua Chang* TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................ 7 History of China's National Integration within the Mainland .......................................... 7 History of China's National Integration between the Mainland and Taiwan, Ancient Times to 1949 ....... 8 History of China's National Integration between the PRC and the ROC, 1949-1985 ........................... 12 1. The Struggle for International Position .......... 13 2. The Unfinished Civil War and Propaganda Battles ......................................... 19 The Theoretical Framework of a Communications Approach to National Integration ................... 29 Previous Studies on China's National Integration ...... 36 III. RESEARCH DESIGN: METHODOLOGY AND HYPOTHESES ....................................... 39 Media Sample ........................................ 39 Thematic Content Analysis ............................ 43 Factor Analysis ....................................... 57 Hypotheses ........................................... 57 IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS: ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATIONS ................................ 61 Results of Factor Analysis ............................ 61 Trend Analysis ....................................... 67 Directional Analysis .................................. 73 Results of the T-Test of the Five Factors .............. 78 Descriptions of the Five Factors ....................... 82 • Shuhua Chang is currently research associate at University of Maryland Law School. Chang was professor and chairman of Graduate Institute of Journalism and Department of Journalism at Culture University, associate professor at National Chengchi University Journalism Department, and producer of TV news magazine program, "60 Minutes," at China TV Co. in Taipei, Taiwan. He received both his M.A. and Ph.D. from University of Missouri Journalism School. 1. Factor I: Nationalism Consensus . 82 2. Factor II: Mutual Understanding . 89 3. Factor Ill: Economic Function..................... 92 4. Factor IV: U.S. China Policy....................... 98 5. Factor V: U.S. Protecting~ Taiwan Policy............ 106 V. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 109 FIGURES . 113 APPENDICES.............................................. 173 List of Figures FIGURE 1: TREND OF TOTAL REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN A TIME SERIES, DECEMBER 1978-MAY 1985..................... 133 FIGURE 2: TREND OF TOTAL REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THE THEMATIC CATEGORIES #1-54......................... 134 FIGURE 3: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY # 10 "REGRESSIONS AND DEFECTORS," DECEMBER 1978-MAY 1985 . 135 FIGURE 4: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY # 13 "FAVORABLE POLITICAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE"............................................. 136 FIGURE 5: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #14 "NEUTRAL POLITICAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE"............................................. 137 FIGURE 6: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #15 "UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" . 138 FIGURE 7: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #16 "FAVORABLE MILITARY REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE"............................................. 139 FIGURE 8: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY # 17 "NEUTRAL MILITARY REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE"............................................. 140 FIGURE 9: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #18 "UNFAVORABLE MILITARY REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" . 141 FIGURE 10: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #19 "FAVORABLE SOCIETAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" . 142 FIGURE 11: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #20 "NEUTRAL SOCIETAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" (FACTOR II: MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING) . 143 FIGURE 12: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #21 "UNFAVORABLE SOCIETAL REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE"............................................. 144 FIGURE 13: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #53 "FAVORABLE ECONOMIC REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" (FACTOR II: MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING) . 145 FIGURE 14: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #54 "NEUTRAL ECONOMIC REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" (FACTOR Ill: ECONOMIC FUNCTION).. 146 FIGURE 15: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #50 "UNFAVORABLE ECONOMIC REPORT ABOUT THE OTHER SIDE" . 147 FIGURE 16: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #11 "COMMENTARY FAVORABLE TO THE OTHER SIDE"...................................................... 148 FIGURE 17: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #12 "COMMENTARY UNFAVORABLE TO THE OTHER SIDE"...................................................... 149 FIGURE 18: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #45 "THE PRC'S PEACE PROPOSAL FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN THE TWO PARTIES" (FACTOR I: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)............... 150 FIGURE 19: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #41, "THE PRC'S 1981 NINE-POINT PEACE PROPOSAL TO INTEGRATE THE ROC" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)............................ 151 FIGURE 20: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #6 "THE TRADITIONAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF ONE CHINA" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS) . 152 FIGURE 21: TREND OF REPORTING OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #42 "THE PRC'S THREE-LINK, FOUR­ EXCHANGE PEACE PROPOSAL TO BEGIN TO INTEGRATE THE ROC" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS) . 153 FIGURE 22: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #5 "THE HSIN-HAI REVOLUTION IN 1911 LED BY SUN YAT-SEN AND HIS NATIONALIST PARTY" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)............... 154 FIGURE 23: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #39 "PRC'S FORCEFUL INTEGRATION WITH THE ROC" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)........ 155 FIGURE 24: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #9 "THE SEPARATED RELATIVES DIVIDED BY THE TAIWAN STRAIT" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS).............................................. 156 FIGURE 25: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #43 "THE PRC'S PEACE-TALK PROPOSAL TO THE ROC" (FACTOR 1: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)........ 157 FIGURE 26: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #4 "SUN YAT-SEN AS THE REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS, AND SOONG CHING LING, SUN'S WIDOW" (FACTOR I: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS)............... 158 FIGURE 27: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS IN THEMATIC CATEGORY #8 "THE SEPARATION OF PEOPLE FROM NATIVE TOWNS RESULTING FROM POLITICAL SEPARATION BETWEEN THE MAINLAND AND TAIWAN" (FACTOR I: NATIONALISM CONSENSUS).......................... 159 FIGURE 28: TREND OF REPORTING FREQUENCY OF THE TWO NEWSPAPERS