Reference Guide to Non-combustion TechnologiesTechnologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic PollutantsPollutants in Soil, SecondS Edition - 2010 ts B an ii ta oa llu ac ll cc o u P m iic u n lla a t g tii rr o O n O tt g a yc llii n n ll c y attii on n e na orra d tt sso ap a ev ss e d B ii ss nd ee a ss udd nn ii r iitt u tiioo oo r tt siit HighHiHig latitudes e ll a a os m e -- po iidd ep DepositionDDe > evaporation PP e a M dd a ff ff o gg o oo nn t r t ii ss r High mobility oo High mobility ff ii ee pp ss cc cc ee nn aa gg aa rr Relatively high mobility rr Long-range Relatively high mobility n t Long-range n t t t aa uu i r cc i r i oceanic i oceanic o - - o rr o o gg ee transport Low mobility n transport n n n h h S o S o p p L L s s o o m m m m m m m m t t t t t t t t t a a a a a a Low latitudes t t Deposition > evaporation c Deposition > evaporation c ee ff ff ee ”” gg iinn p pp op sh as Grr ll ““G a iic T m h e e h n e C iio rm ll-C tt a a a ll iic ad ys ra h eg P De B iiore ogy med hnoll diiatiion Phytotech RR eemme giieess eddiiaattiioonn TTeecchhnnoolloog Solid Waste EPA 542-R-09-007 and Emergency Response September 2010 (5203P) www.clu-in.org/POPs Reference Guide to Non-combustion Technologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Soil, Second Edition – 2010 Internet Address (URL) http://www.epa.gov Recycled/Recyclable. Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Process Chlorine Free Recycled Paper (minimum 50% Post consumer) CONTENTS Section Page ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................... iii NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of Report................................................................................................................4 1.2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................5 1.3 Report Organization ............................................................................................................6 2.0 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................7 2.1 Stockholm Convention on POPs .........................................................................................7 2.2 Basel Convention ................................................................................................................7 2.3 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) – Protocol on POPs.8 2.4 Sources of POPs..................................................................................................................8 2.5 Characteristics and Health Effects of POPs ........................................................................9 2.6 Review of Chemical Characteristics of POPs Listed and Under Review for the 2009 Stockholm Convention......................................................................................................13 2.7 Treatment of POPs ............................................................................................................15 2.8 Related Documents ...........................................................................................................15 3.0 NON-COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES ....................................................................................18 3.1 Full-Scale Technologies for Treatment of POPs...............................................................18 3.1.1 Anaerobic Bioremediation Using Blood Meal.....................................................25 3.1.2 Base-Catalyzed Decomposition ...........................................................................26 ® 3.1.3 DARAMEND .....................................................................................................27 3.1.4 Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction ...........................................................................30 3.1.5 Gene Expression Factor .......................................................................................31 ™ 3.1.6 GeoMelt .............................................................................................................32 3.1.7 Mechanochemical Dehalogenation ......................................................................35 3.1.8 Plasma Arc ...........................................................................................................38 ® 3.1.9 Radicalplanet Technology..................................................................................39 3.1.10 Solvated Electron Technology .............................................................................40 3.1.11 Sonic Technology.................................................................................................41 3.1.12 Thermal Desorption..............................................................................................42 3.2 Pilot-Scale Technologies for Treatment of POPs..............................................................45 3.2.1 Phytotechnology...................................................................................................45 3.2.2 Reductive Heating and Sodium Dispersion..........................................................47 3.2.3 Subcritical Water Oxidation.................................................................................48 3.3 Bench-Scale Technologies for Treatment of POPs...........................................................49 3.3.1 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Dehalogenation..........................................49 3.3.2 TDT-3R™ .............................................................................................................49 4.0 INFORMATION SOURCES.........................................................................................................51 5.0 VENDOR CONTACTS .................................................................................................................52 6.0 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................55 i Appendix A Chemical Structures, Uses and Effects of POPs listed under the Stockholm Convention and LRTAP B Fact Sheet on Anaerobic Bioremediation Using Blood Meal for the Treatment of Toxaphene in Soil and Sediment C Fact Sheet on Bioremediation Using DARAMEND® for Treatment of POPs in Soils and Sediments D Fact Sheet on In Situ Thermal Desorption for Treatment of POPs in Soils and Sediments E Additional Technologies Identified but Not Commercially Available LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1-1 POPs Identified by the Stockholm Convention and Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention .......................................................................................................................................3 2-1 Toxicology and Chemical Properties of POPs Listed and Under Review by the Stockholm Convention and LRTAP.................................................................................................................10 3-1 Summary of Full-Scale Non-combustion Technologies for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants........................................................................................................................................19 3-2 Performance of Pilot/Bench-Scale Non-combustion Technologies for Remediation of POPs......22 3-3 Performance of Non-combustion Technologies for Remediation of POPs....................................23 3-4 Performance of Anaerobic Bioremediation Using Blood Meal for Toxaphene Treatment............26 3-5 Performance of DARAMEND® Technology .................................................................................29 3-6 Performance of GPCR™ Technology .............................................................................................30 3-7 Performance of Gene Expression Factor........................................................................................32 3-8 Performance of GeoMelt™ Technology..........................................................................................34 3-9 Soil Acceptance Criteria for the Mapua Site..................................................................................36 3-10 Performance of MCD™ Technology at the Mapua Site..................................................................37 3-11 Performance of Radicalplanet® Technology at Various Japanese Sites.........................................40 3-12 Performance of ISTD Technology .................................................................................................44 3-13 Results of Plant Uptake from the Royal Military College Study ...................................................46 ii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ART Adventus Remediation Technologies, Inc. ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BCD Base-catalyzed decomposition BDE Bromodiphenyl ether BHC Hexachlorobenzene BFR Brominated flame retardants CaO Calcium oxide CB Chlorobenzene CCMS Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society CD Catalytic dechlorination CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CHD Catalytic hydrodechlorination CLU-IN Clean-Up