PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series D - No. 39. ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATIVE CODES IN EAST JAVA by Soeseno Kartomihardjo (MATERIALS IN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA No.8.) W.A.L. Stokhof, Series Editor. Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Kartomihardjo, S. Ethnography of communicative codes in East Java. D-39, xii + 223 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1981. DOI:10.15144/PL-D39.cover ©1981 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES B - Monographs SERIES C - Books SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender John Lynch University of Hawaii University of Papua New Guinea David Bradley K.A. McElhanon . University of Melbourne University of Texas A. Capell H.P. McKaughan University of Sydney University of Hawaii S.H. Elbert P. MOhlhiiusler University of Hawaii Linacre College, Oxford K.J. Franklin G.N. O'Grady Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover A.K. Pawley Sum mer Institute of Linguistics University of Auckland G.W. Grace K.L. Pike University of Michigan; University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics M.A.K. Halliday E.C. Polome University of Sydney University of Texas A. Healey Gillian Sank off Sum mer Institute of Linguistics University of Pennsylvania L.A. Hercus W.A.L. Stokhof National Center for Australian National University Language Development, Jakarta; Nguy1\n Bl1ng Li�m University of Leiden University of Hawaii J. W.M. Verhaar Gonzaga University, Spokane All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 Australia. Copyright 0 The Author. First Published 1981. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 255 0 PREFACE This study presents a description of speech choices in East Java and primarily in urban areas . The data for this study corne mostly from recordings of casual conversations, discussions on several topics� sp eeches, interviews and other sp eech events made in a number of dif­ ferent social situations . This work has been inspired by the writings of Fishman , Gumperz, Hymes , Labov and others who have considered and used so cial factors as the determining agents and influences in their analyses of speech vari­ ants. For many reasons , East Java offers a wide range of intriguing prob­ lems in communicative sp eech choice . The population of this region, which numbers more than twenty-six and a half million, consists of Javanese , Madurese, descendants of Chinese and Arabs , and immigrants from the outer islands and their descendants. Each of these ethnic groups has its customs and speech habits that are pract ised by members of the respective groups . Most of the population speak a language other than Indonesian as the native language and use Indonesian primar­ ily for official and educational purposes as well as for inter-ethnic communication . Javanese constitute the largest portion of the pupu­ lation . Javanese culture predominates and the Javanese values which form the standard for the Javanese to follow set the tone and are imitated by the other groups . There has thus been developed in East Java a set of common values which are recogn ised throughout the popu­ lation regardless of ethnic origin . These values are reflected in speech particularly in the choice of variant when there are several variants available. There are also other social factors in East Java which, along with these common values, control the conduct and speech choice of the interlocutors in a certain social situation . These social factors can be classified in terms of social setting , subj ect iii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv matter, key and purpose and in terms of the relationships of the inter­ locutors . The latter involves status ( which depends on one 's age , sex , attainment in educat ion and career) , family and marital connections , intimacy and ethnicity. In sp eech all these social factors and social values are realised in the choices of code , terms of address and borrow­ ings . As the communicative code the interlocutors may choose Javanese , Madurese , Balinese ( or other native languages of the outer-islanders) , Standard Indonesian as used in East Java, Educated Javanese Indonesian , Non-educated Javanese Indonesian , Peranakan Chinese Indonesian or Dutch. In each of the codes the interlocutors also use terms of address bor­ rowed from Javanese , Chinese , Dutch and English . Each of the nat ive languages is used as an ethnic identity as well as an indicat ion of intimacy. In situat ions which call for Indonesian , borrowings from these nat ive languages, particularly from Javanese , substitut e for the use of a native language when ethnic identity or intimacy is to be indicat ed . Standard Indonesian is used only in very formal situations for it suggests not only formality but also distance and impersonality . Dutch and Dutch borrowings are often used by the elite of the older generation and their offspring as an in-group identity. They are also often used by the Ambonese and the Menadonese as an ethnic identity . Dutch borrowings are also used by educat ed Peranakans as a sub-group identity . As their ethnic identity the Peranakans normally use Chinese borrowings . English is often spoken by a very limited group of educat ed people, particularly of the younger generat ion and English borrowings are a great deal in use by the educat ed people of the younger gener­ ation as their in-group symbol . Borrowings are also used as tecnhical terms and for emphasis . Further , under certain conditions switching from one code to another is very common in East Java. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Soeseno Kartomihardj o was born on March 25, 1934 in Purworejo, Central Java . He received his doctorandus degree in 1964 rrom the School ror Teachers and Educat ional Sciences (FKIP ), Air langga Univer­ sity in Malang . Since that time pe has been teaching at the Institute for Teachers and Educat i onal Sciences (IKIP ) in Malang . From 1968 to 1970 he received an assistanship from the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistic s, Cornell University and a travel grant rrom the Ford Foundation, to study Linguistics at Cornell University. He received his M.A. there in 1970. After he returned to IKIP Malang and taught for rive years , he was given the opportunity to continue his studies toward the doctoral degree at Cornell University . He was supported by grants and assistant ships from the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics, the Southeast Asia Program or Cornell University and from the Ford Foundation, through the agency of the Social Science Research Center in Jakarta, Indonesia . Soeseno is married to Soeharsi. They have four children , Rini Purwani, Sigit Prayudi, Iwan Priyanto and Rudyat Kuntaryo . v ACKNOWLEVGEM ENTS This study was made possible by funds grant ed by the Ford Foundation through the Social Science Research Centre in Jakarta, the Graduate School and the Southeast Asia Programme of Cornell University . I am very grateful to all those people who aided me in many ways and enabled me to obtain my academic training and complete this work. However, I myself am responsible for the statements made and views ex­ pr essed in this study . My special gratitude goes to the members of my Spec ial Committee, to Professor John U. Wolff for his valuable suggestions and criticisms and for the encouragement and st imulation that made the writing of this study not only endurable but also exciting, and to Professors Robert B. Jones and John M. Echols for their insightful advice and comments in the final stages. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my brother Kesti and my friends Mia S. Syahran and M. Inkiriwang who helped me collect the data for this study , and to all those people who allowed me to record their speech. A special note of thanks must go to my friends Ellen Rafferty who has let me use a great amount of data she collected and Donald Orr who helped me make my Eng lish more readable and to Mrs. Roberta Ludgate who undertook the long and arduous task of typing the Ph.D. thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of the Modern Indonesia Proj ect of Cornell University which provided me with an office during the period in which I wrote this work. Finally, I am indebted to my wife and chi ldren for their understanding , patience and unending endurance during my graduate studies and during the complet ion of this work . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface iii Biographical Sketch v Acknowledgements vi CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Scope 1 1.2. Area and Population 3 1.3. Linguistic Situation 5 1.3.1. Javanese 5 1.3.2. Indonesian 6 1.3.2.1. Peranakan Chinese Indonesian 8 1. 3.3. Other Significant Linguistic Phenomena 9 1. 4. The Problem 10 1. 5. Framework and Terminology 10 1. 6. The Data 13 1. 7. Previous Work 13 1. 8. Some Contribution and Implications of This Study to SociOlinguistic Researches 14 1. 9. Plan of Discussion 15 CHAPTER TWO. VALUES AND SOCIAL FACTORS WHICH ELICIT CHOICES 17 2.0.