This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Chen, Chien-Nien Title: Harmonious Environmental Management of Cultural Heritage and Nature General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. 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Harmonious Environmental Management of Cultural Heritage and Nature By Chien-Nien Chen (Otto Chen) BSc, MSc A Dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Mar 2019 Approximately 74000 words One night a man had a dream. He dreamed he was walking along the beach with the Lord. Across the sky flashed scenes from his life. For each scene, he noticed two sets of footprints in the sand: one belonging to him and the other to the Lord. When the last scene of his life flashed before him, he looked back at the footprints in the sand. He noticed that at the very lowest and saddest times in his life, there was only one set of footprints. This really bothered him and he questioned the Lord about it. The Lord replied, "My precious child, I love you and I would never leave you. During your times of trial and suffering, when you see only one set of footprints, it was then that I carried you." To the Lord ABSTRACT Currently, there is a lack of substantial integration in considering both natural and heritage environment with respect to managing change in either heritage conservation or environment protection. The failure of achieving harmonious environmental management can hence often be seen, leading to conflicting situation or even irreversible loss. This study therefore seeks to develop a framework/methodology for ‘Harmonious Environmental Management of Cultural Heritage and Nature (i.e. water environment particularly)’, to simultaneously mitigate the existing knowledge gaps in both domains, through a holistic view that is scarce in literature. The study primarily examines the issues from values-based theory, minimal intervention theory, the dichotomy between culture and nature, and the conduct of Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), all play critical roles in managing change whilst they are either narrow in considerations or confined to some extents, leading to the inadequacy in application and the incapability to catch up with the latest revolution of heritage conservation that features broadening the lens to people and nature, rather than merely the fabric. The research proposes some novel perspectives and approaches, through the explorations from the sphere of philosophy, theory, practice, to application sphere, presented respectively as four chapters. Moreover, it covers different temporal (past, present and future) and spatial (regional and global) scales, as follows: 1) for the past, the regional pluralism of heritage conservation is echoed. It explores the philosophy of ancient Chinese regarding the interaction between people, nature and built world, as well as accommodating changes, as the underlying core concept—harmony—for the rest chapters; 2) for the present, a more comprehensive intervention approach featuring matrix thinking covering heritage, nature and people sphere is developed. Followed by examining the emerging issues in conducting HIA that has troubled the world: 3) the incompatibility of HIA within Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which portrays four patterns of statutory system from global lens, and proposes a HIA approach in response to the troublesome discourse; and 4) for the future, a participatory decision-making support method is developed for environmental planning involving water cultural heritage and nature, which is also a manifestation of the applicability of the proposed matrix approach. The integrated method tackles a real dilemma case in a historic town of Taiwan, with a scarce function of scenario forecasting to address the condition of the context. This part is presented as a more pragmatic and quantitative complement to the conceptual developments in the previous parts, for rounding out the whole exploration towards harmonious change management. Keywords: Buddhism; community engagement; Chinese cultural heritage; Confucianism; Contingent Valuation Method; cultural pluralism; Daxi togan; Heritage Impact Assessment; Huaqing Palace; I Ching ; Minimal Intervention; multi-criteria decision analysis; resilience; setting; sustainability; Taoism; water heritage i ii AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. SIGNED: .............................................................DATE:.......................... iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dawei Han, for his enormously support. Over the past four years, I am indebted to not only his excellent expertise, selfless spirit, inspiring manner and positive research attitude in guiding me to the right research direction, but also his constant and kind support to my personal life, which will be tremendously beneficial to the future life of mine and my family. My sincere appreciations also go to the reviewer of my PhD study, Dr Ross Woods, for his advice and guidance in reviewing my research progress; they also go to Dr Francesca Pianosi for her kind help guiding me in the research methods. Earnest thanks should go to Mr Jeremy Groome for his warm-hearted help and significant advices for my PhD study. I am thankful to him not only for his proofreading, but also for his friendship and support. Sincere thanks also go to Mr Mark Williams of Bath city council for his valuable support for the data collection in the World Heritage site. I would also like to acknowledge the scholarship supported by Ministry of Education, Taiwan, as well as Education Division, Taipei Representative Office in the UK, for providing the financial and living support. They are the key to make my life in the UK come true. I would also like to express my sincere appreciations to the two examiners of my viva, Prof Martin Crapper and Prof Xiaojun Wang. Without their helpful comments and kind teaching, the thesis cannot be substantial improved. Finally, but by no means least, I owe my utmost gratitude to my dearest family members for their selfless support both financially and spiritually. My study would not have been accomplished without their heartfelt and consistent encouragement. March 2019 (Chien-Nien Chen) v vi LIST OF PUBLICTIONS Journal papers: 1. Chen, O . and Han, D. Rediscovering the Idea of Cultural Heritage and the Relationship with Nature—Four Schools of Essential Thought of Ancient Chinese Journal of Heritage. (Under review, presented as Chapter 4) 2. Chen, O . and Han, D. A Comprehensive Matrix Thinking Towards Intervention in Heritage Management: Water Heritage Helps. International journal of heritage studies . (Under review, presented as Chapter 5) 3. Chen, O . and Han, D. To Reshape Heritage Impact Assessment Dominated by Multiple Discourses: Analysing Statutory System and Developing a New HIA Approach. International journal of heritage studies . (Under review, presented as Chapter 6) 4. Chen, O . and Han, D., 2018. A participatory multiple criteria decision analysis to tackle a complex environmental problem involving cultural water heritage and nature. Journal of Water . (Published, presented as Chapter 7) Conferences : 5. Chen, O. and Han, D., 2016, November. Water Heritage: Classification and Degrees of Intervention. In 12th International Conference on Hydroscience & Engineering . (Oral presentation) 6. Chen, O. and Han, D., 2017, April. A new Heritage Impact Assessment matrix for sustainability and resilience to hazards-from water heritage point of view. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (Vol. 19, p. 4746). (Poster presentation) vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND