TERRITORIAL DISPUTES Aleutian Islands 1 Delimitation of the boundary between Russia and Norway in the Barents Sea PACIFIC 5 OCEAN 2 The sovereignty of Hans Island, claimed by Greenland (Denmark) and Canada 3 Management and control of the North-West Passage ºbetween the United States BERING SEA EXXON VALDEZ and Canada) Delimitation of the boundary between TRANS-ALASKA Anchorage BERING 4 PIPELINE SYSTEM (TAPS) STRAIT Alaska (United States) and Canada North-East in the Beaufort Sea Alaska Passage (United States) Chukotka 5 Delimitation of the boundary between Alaska (United States) and Russia Fairbanks in the Barents Sea BEAUFORT SEA New 4 Siberian Islands 3 Banks LAPTEV Island SEA Victoria Island Queen ARCTIC North-West Elizabeth OCEAN Canada Islands Passage Russia Alpha Ridge Lomonosov Ridge North Resolute NORTH Land Norilsk Bay POLE HUDSON Ellesmere Nansen BAY Nanisivik Island Gakkel KARA Ridge SEA Franz Novy Urengoï Thulé 2 Hans Josef Land Island (Russia) BAFFIN Baffin Novaya Island BAY Salekhard Zemlya Vorkuta Nadym Svalbard 1 Shtokman Canada Greenland (Norway) gas field (Denmark) USINSK DAVIS BARENTS Peshora STRAIT Bear Island SEA GREENLAND SEA (Norway) Nuuk Murmansk Jan Monchegorsk Mayen Island (Norway) Tromsø Archangelsk NORWEGIAN Apatity SEA Bodø Rovaniemi Severodvinsk Towards the major Major urban populations American ports Iceland 400,000 Finland Towards 200,000 Reykjavik 100,000 Western Europe 50,000 Sea routes which will come into Sweden St Petersburg permanent use within 10 or 15 ATLANTIC Norway Maritime areas claimed by years, if global warming persists OCEAN and the ice cap continues to Russia recede Members of the Arctic Council Denmark EKOFISK Denmark Canada, Denmark, United States, Finland, Russia and Denmark Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden Towards the major ports of Europe United States United Kingdom Permanent participants in the Arctic Council Canada Inuit Circumpolar Conference Norway and Russia Energy and mining resources under Maritime boundaries ('Grey Zone') Arctic Athabaskan Council exploitation or exploration Maritime jurisdiction boundaries: Military base or presence Gwich'in Council International Gas and oil extraction bilateral agreements, lines of Mining equidistance, or 200-nautical Former Northern Warning Line Aleut International Association miles offshore limits (ZEE) (Strategic Air Defence Radar Main gas and oil pipelines, Russian Association of Indigenous existing, planned or under construction Boundary lines claimed System) Peoples of the North Main oil or pipeline spills by Russia 0 400 800 km Saami Council (over 50,000 tonne) by Norway Sources: Arctic Council; Norwegian Polar Institute; Permanent Participants of the Arctic Council, map by Winfried Dallmann; Canadian Ministry for Foreign Affairs and International Trade; International Boundaries Research Unit Database; University of Durham IBRU; national statistics departments; United States Energy Information Administration (EIA); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Impacts of a Warming Arctic, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) Overview Report, Cambridge University Press, 2004; Vital Arctic Graphics, People and Global Heritage on our Last Wild Shores, Norway, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2005; Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), United Nations; Norwegian ministries of energy and fisheries (Oslo, Norway); Alaska Science Forum, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. PHILIPPE REKACEWICZ.