Nordic Grid Code 2007 (Nordic collection of rules) NORDIC GRID CODE (CONTENTS) CONTENTS The NordicGridCodecontains: Preface 11 2 Part 1 Introduction to a Common Nordic Grid Code 11 4 Part 2 Planning Code (with appendices) 113 Part 3 Operational Code (System Operation Agreement) 139 Part 4 Connection Code 154 Part 5 Data Exchange Code (Data Exchange Agreement 178 between the Nordic TSOs) The presentdocumentistheEnglishtranslationof Nordiskregelsamling2004anditsupdated parts,whichhave beenwrittenandpublishedintheSwedishlanguage.Incaseof possible discrepancies betweentheEnglishandtheSwedishversion,theSwedishversionshall prevail. 15January2007 3 NORDIC GRID CODE (INTRODUCTION) INTRODUCTION TO A COMMON NORDIC GRID CODE ............................................. 5 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5 2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Nordic cooperation .................................................................................................. 6 2.2 The Nordic electric power system ............................................................................ 8 2.3 The electrical characteristics of the Nordic electric power system ......................... 9 2.4 Transmission system operators (TSOs).................................................................. 10 2.5 The Nordic electricity market................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Elspot.............................................................................................................. 11 2.5.2 Elbas............................................................................................................... 11 2.5.3 Theregulating powermarket ......................................................................... 11 3 GENERAL PROVISIONS ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Bilateral agreements .............................................................................................. 11 3.2 Confidentiality........................................................................................................ 11 3.3 Deviations from the regulations............................................................................. 12 3.4 Dealing with unclear provisions in the regulations............................................... 12 3.5 The development of the regulations ....................................................................... 12 15January2007 4 NORDIC GRID CODE (INTRODUCTION) INTRODUCTION TO A COMMON NORDIC GRID CODE 1 Introduction Theformulationofthiscommoncodeforthe Nordicgrid(the Nordic GridCode)isastep towardstheharmonisationoftherulesthat governthevariousnational gridcompanies.The purposeofthe NordicGridCodeistoachievecoherentandcoordinatedNordicoperationand planning betweenthe companiesresponsiblefor operatingthetransmissionsystems,inorderto establishthe best possibleconditionsfordevelopmentofafunctioningandeffectively integratedNordic power market.Afurtherobjectiveistodevelopasharedbasisfor satisfactoryoperationalreliability andqualityofdeliveryinthecoherent Nordicelectric power system. The NordicGridCodeconcernsthetransmissionsystemoperators(TSO’s) theoperationand planningofthe electric powersystemandthemarketactors’ accesstothe grid.TheCodelays downfundamentalcommonrequirementsandproceduresthat governtheoperationand developmentoftheelectric powersystem. The NordicGridCodeismadeupof: - General provisionsforcooperation - PlanningCode - OperationalCode(SystemOperationAgreement) - ConnectionCode - DataExchangeCode(DataExchange Agreement betweenthe Nordictransmission systemoperators(TSOs) TheOperationalCodeandtheDataExchangeCodeare bindingagreementswithspecific disputesolutions.ThePlanningCode andtheConnectionCodearerulesthatshouldbe observed.They correspondtoNordel’srecommendationsintheseareas. The NordicGridCode governstechnicalcooperationbetweenthetransmissionsystem operatorsintheinterconnectedNordelcountries: Norway,Sweden,FinlandandDenmark. Ideally,the planning,expansionandoperationofallthesubsystemswouldbegovernedby identicalrules.However,thisisnot yetthe case,partly forhistoricalreasonsandpartly because thedifferentsubsystems aresubjecttodifferentlegislationandtosupervisionbydifferent official bodies.However,anobjectiveisthatthe NordicGridCodeshouldbeastarting point fortheharmonisationof nationalrules,withminimumrequirementsfortechnical properties thatinfluencetheoperationoftheinterconnectedNordicelectric powersystem.The Nordic GridCodemust,however,besubordinatetothenationalrulesinthevarious Nordiccountries, suchasthe provisionsof legislation,decrees andtheconditionsimposedby official bodies. Thefirsteditionofthe NordicGridCodewas basedonNordel’s former rules(recom- mendations),thesystemoperationagreement,the DataExchangeAgreementandnational codes.ThereforethecontentoftheCodestillshowstracesof beingtakenfromnumerous sources. 15January2007 5 NORDIC GRID CODE (INTRODUCTION) Thenewversionsofthe SystemOperationAgreementandtheDataExchange Agreementare reproducedinthiseditionintheirentirety.Asanew Nordelrecommendationthisdocument includesthe NordelConnectionCodeforWindTurbines.Itisincludedas anownchapter in theConnectionCode.Other partsoftheConnectionCodehave beenupdatedaccordingtothe latestdevelopmentinthenationalrequirementsandrules.CoordinationbetweenthePlanning CodeandtheOperationalCodehas beenimprovedbydevelopingtheformulationofthe criteriaschemeinplanningtobetter correspondwiththeoperationalstates. Thedevelopmentofthe NordicGridCodeisa projectthatoughttocontinuealsointhe years ahead.Theworkonfurtherdevelopmentof Nordiccooperationtothe Nordicelectric power marketthuscontinues. 2 Background 2.1 Nordic cooperation Theexpansionofelectric powersupplyinthe Nordiccountries beganattheendofthe19th centuryandatthe beginningofthe20th.Tobeginwith,smalllocalelectricalcompanieswere setup.Graduallythese companiesmergedinordertobecomelarger regionalunits.Eventually, thesystemsdevelopedtothe pointwherethe power gridsintheindividual Nordiccountries werelinkedviahigh-voltageinterconnections. Fromtheoutset,thesupplyofelectric powerinthe Nordiccountrieswas basedondifferent sourcesof energy.InNorwayandSweden,hydroelectric powerwasthemainenergysource. Finlandusedamixofhydroandthermal power,whilstDenmark’senergysupplywas based almostentirelyonthermal power.Companiesandofficial bodiesinthe Nordiccountriessoon realisedthatthereweresignificant benefitstobegainedfromcollaborating andutilising whichever energysourcewasthemostadvantageousatthetimeinthevariouscountries. Furthermorecooperationresultedinimprovedsecurityofsupply. Alreadyin1912thefirst inter-Nordicinterconnectionoperationagreement wassigned. SydkraftinMalmöandNESAinCopenhagenagreedthatSydkraftwouldsupplysurplus powerfromits power plantstoZealandinDenmark.On15November1915a25,000voltAC cable betweenSkåneandZealandwasreadytogointoservice.Cooperationonelectric power betweenSwedenandNorway beganmuchfurthernorthwiththeopeningoftherailway betweenKirunaandNarvikintheearly1940s. In1929a60kVACinterconnectionwas built betweenJutlandandNorthernGermany.Over the yearsfrom1930to1960,furtheropportunitiesforcooperationwereinvestigated,however, withoutresultuntil1959,whenanACinterconnectionbetweenSwedenandFinlandwentinto service.In1960,newinterconnections betweenSwedenandNorwaywere completedanda joint power plant project wasimplementedonthe Linnvassriver(Linnvassälven).Five years later,in1965,anHVDCcablewaslaidbetweenJutlandandthewestcoastofSweden. Electricalinterconnectionstotheeastwereextendedin1961withanACtransmissionline acrosstheeasternborder ofFinlandtotheSovietUnion.In1976anHVDClinkwasinstalled betweenNorway andJutland;itscapacitywasincreasedin1993.The FennoSkanHVDClink betweenSwedenandFinlandwas builtin1989. The planning andconstructionofthe jointinterconnectionsledtogreatercontact betweenthe electricitycompaniesinthe Nordiccountries,andin1963,Nordel,a Nordiccooperation programinthefieldof electric powersupply,was established. 15January2007 6 NORDIC GRID CODE (INTRODUCTION) Duringthe1960s,electric power consumptionincreasedconsiderablyinallthe Nordic countries.Theopportunitiesforcooperation,forlinkingtogetherdifferent kindsof production resourcesandforcreatingsharedproductionreservesalsoattractedgreater attention.The membersof Nordelwere seeking benefitsfromcoordinatingthe expansionandoperationofthe grids. Astherapidly growingelectric powersystemwouldbeconnectedtorelativelyweak transmissionlinks,Nordelhadtosolve problems ofcontrolandstability.Thelong-term solutionwastomakethetransmissionlinksstronger.Nordel’srecommendationsformedthe basisofthetechnicalregulationsfor productionandgridoperationsinthe Nordiccountries. Admittedly,therecommendationswerenotformally binding,however,sincetheywere acceptedjointlyandunanimously,the ruleswere compliedwithbyall partiesandcameto providethefoundationforanyformal regulationsrequiredintheindividualcountries. AfeatureofcooperationwithinNordelhas beenacommonwilltofindsolutionswhichcreate goodpreconditionsforutilisingthetechnical,environmentalandeconomic advantagesthat resultfromaneffectivecommonsystem.Fromtheoutset,thesectorandelectricityusersover theentire Nordelareahas benefitedfromthis basicidea. Inordertoincreaseefficiencyintheelectricalsector,the Nordic countrieschose,startingin 1991inNorway,toexposeelectricity productionandtradingtocompetitionandtoseparate