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OVERVIEW RICE INTEGRATED CROP Editing, layout, desktop publishing and MANAGEMENT graphics: M. Solh Ruth Duffy, Rome. Rice is Life in 2004 and beyond 1 V. Balasubramanian, R. Rajendran, V. Ravi, N. Chellaiah, E. Castro, B. Chandrasekaran, C. Calpe T. Jayaraj and S. Ramanathan International trade in rice: recent Integrated crop management for The International Rice Commission (IRC), developments and prospects 11 enhancing yield, factor productivity which works within the framework of FAO, and profitability in Asian rice farms 63 was established on 4 January 1949 with the N.V. Nguyen object of promoting national and Global climate changes and rice food S. Abdulrachman, I. Las and I. Yuliardi international action in respect of production, security 24 Development and dissemination of conservation, distribution and consumption integrated crop management for of rice. Matters relating to trade are outside productive and efficient rice the purview of the Commission. PART II production in Indonesia 73 Membership of the Commission is open to all RICE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT FAO Member Nations and Associate AND UTILIZATION R.T. Cruz, G.P. Llanto, A.P. Castro, K.E.T. Members who accept the constitution of the Barroga, F.H. Bordey. E.D. Redoña and IRC. The present membership of the Y. Wang, C. Li, J. Zhou, X. He, B. Lu, L.S. Sebastian Commission is 61 and represents all the rice- H. Leung, T.W. Mew and Y. Zhu PalayCheck: the Philippines’ rice growing regions of the world. Genetic diversity for rice disease integrated crop management system 83 The Commission keeps under review the sustainable management 31 scientific, technical and economic problems T.S. Pham, K.Q. Trinh and D.V. Tran relating to rice, encourages and coordinates J. Sheehy, A. Elmido, G. Centeno and Integrated crop management for intensive research, organizes (where necessary) P. Pablico irrigated rice in the Mekong Delta of cooperative projects and reports to the Searching for new plants for climate Viet Nam 91 member countries and the Director-General of change 40 FAO on appropriate action to be taken in furthering its objectives. M. Sié, S.Y. Dogbe and M. Coulibaly PART IV Selection of interspecific hybrids INTERNATIONAL RICE COMMISSION’S (O. sativa × O. glaberrima) or lowland CORNER NERICAs and intraspecifics adapted to rainfed lowland growing conditions 47 N.V. Nguyen Follow-up to the implementation of C. Brondani, R.P.V. Brondani, T.C.O. Borba, the International Year of Rice 2004 97 T. Brunes, P.H.N. Rangel and E.P. Guimarães Microsatellite analysis of Tio Taka, the first rice commercial cultivar released from the recurrent selection breeding method 52 1 PART I OVERVIEW Rice is Life in 2004 and beyond1 M. Solh Director, Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Rome, Italy Chairperson, Steering Committee of the International Rice Commission In response to the request made during the 31st Session directly and indirectly, for food security, livelihood of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture improvement, cultural heritage and sustainable Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United development for global peace. Nations General Assembly (UNGA), during its 57th Session in December 2002, approved the resolution Rice and food security submitted by the Government of the Philippines and co- At present, approximately 850 million people suffer from sponsored by 44 countries, declaring 2004 the undernourishment. Constant hunger stifles development International Year of Rice (IYR). The dedication of an through malnutrition and disease. The cycle of hunger International Year to a single crop is unprecedented in and poverty causes increasing susceptibility to illness and the history of UNGA. In declaring the International Year reduces a person’s capacity for work and concentration. of Rice 2004, UNGA noted that rice is the staple food of The end result is even greater poverty and hunger. Food more than half the world population and reaffirmed the security is essential in order to maintain a peaceful need to focus world attention on the role that rice can environment and in order to improve livelihoods. No one play in providing food security and eradicating poverty can feel content with an empty stomach. in the attainment of the internationally agreed Indeed, rice plays a vital role in the promotion of peace development goals, including those contained in the and harmony throughout the world. Rice is grown in United Nations Millennium Declaration. 113 countries and most of the rice produced is consumed The UN General Assembly invited FAO to facilitate directly as food. In 2001, more than 3 billion people the implementation of IYR, in collaboration with consumed as food 517.9 million tonnes of rice out of a governments, UN agencies, the international centres of total production of 580 million tonnes (i.e. 89.2 percent the Consultative Group on International Agricultural of total production). In the same year, wheat was the staple Research (CGIAR), other international institutions, non- food for under 1 billion people, while maize was the staple governmental organizations (NGOs), the private sector food for only 185 million people (Table 1). In South and and other stakeholders in rice development. I wish to share Southeast Asia, where more than 600 million people live with you the major aspects of Rice is Life, the issues and opportunities of sustainable rice production, the implementation of IYR during 2004, and FAO’s view on TABLE 1 World production and use of rice, wheat and maize in 2001 the development of sustainable rice production beyond 2004. Maize Wheat Rice (paddy) Total production (million tonnes) 629 591 580 RICE IS LIFE Food (million tonnes) 112 419 518 Rice is Life was selected as the slogan for the Year by the Population with per caput Informal International Working Group for IYR. The consumption of over 100 kg of 185 991 3 143 product per year (million people) theme of IYR – Rice is Life – comes from the under- standing that rice-based systems are essential to everyone, Source: FAOSTAT. 1 Keynote Address presented at “Rice and Brussel Sprouts: A Celebration of the International Year of Rice in Brussels”, Brussels, 8 Dec. 2004. 2 PART I OVERVIEW on less than US$1 a day, the poor in urban centres and Festival” is celebrated in a number of Asian countries landless people in rural areas – i.e. those who are very (e.g. China, Japan, Thailand and Viet Nam) to honour vulnerable regarding food security – normally devote the beginning of the rice season. Rice is a symbol of life, approximately half of their income to buying rice. During fertility and abundance and was considered divine by the last decade, rice has also become the most rapidly many emperors and kings in ancient times. Rice terraces growing food source in sub-Saharan Africa and as a result beautify landscapes; the terraces in Banawe, the the region has had to increase rice importation to satisfy Philippines have been declared a world cultural heritage demand. Rice importation has caused a heavy drain of site by UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and scarce foreign exchange in the region; The Africa Rice Cultural Organization). Center (WARDA) estimates that rice importation in 2001 Over the centuries, rice has shaped the culture and cost the region about US$1 billion (WARDA, 2002). dietary habits of its consumers. Almost every culture has its own way of eating rice and these different recipes are Rice, poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement part of the world’s cultural heritage. The different rice When all developing countries are considered together, varieties provide a wide range of flavours, even when rice provides 27 percent of dietary energy supply and simply boiled or steamed. Rice is traditionally coupled 20 percent of dietary protein intake. Rice cultivation is with fish, meat or legumes (e.g. beans, lentils and chick- the principal activity and source of income for millions peas), depending on the region in which it is consumed. of households in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Rice The combination of rice and fish in Asian countries has systems are hubs of biodiversity. Various kinds of generated the term “rice-fish societies”, while rice and livestock are supported by rice-based systems: ducks feed legumes characterize culinary tradition