Understanding Scheduling in Wales July 2019 UNDERSTANDING Who should read Understanding Scheduling in Wales? Offa’s Dyke is a massive earthwork bank dating from the eighth century, which runs close to the modern border between Wales and England for much of its length. The best-preserved parts of the dyke are protected as scheduled monuments. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government Understanding Scheduling in Wales will help anyone A companion publication, Managing Scheduled who wants or needs to know why and how Monuments in Wales, contains more practical advice monuments are scheduled. It also explains how to and guidance about managing scheduled monuments, ask for a monument to be scheduled or descheduled, and when and how you need to apply for scheduled and how to request a review of a scheduling decision. monument consent. Understanding Scheduling in Wales also provides an www.cadw.gov.wales/advice-support/ introduction for owners and agents about what historic-assets/scheduled-monuments/best- scheduling means for them. practice-guidance#section-managing-scheduled- monuments-in-wales Cadw, Welsh Government Plas Carew Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed Parc Nantgarw Cardiff CF15 7QQ Tel: 03000 256000 [email protected] www.gov.wales/cadw Cadw is the Welsh Government’s historic environment service working for an accessible and well-protected historic environment for Wales. Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. © Crown copyright 2019 except where specified WG37563 Digital ISBN 978-1-78903-892-7 Cover photograph: St Lythans Neolithic burial chamber, Vale of Glamorgan. This scheduled monument is an important relic of a prehistoric funerary and ritual landscape. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government 1 Understanding Scheduling in Wales Contents Carew Cross with Carew Castle beyond; both monuments are protected by scheduling. The Carew Cross is the inspiration for Cadw’s logo. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government Did you Know? 3 6 How to Request a Descheduling 19 Introduction 4 7 Owners’ Responsibilities 20 1 What is Scheduling? 5 8 Managing Scheduled Monuments 21 2 How are Sites Selected for Scheduling? 9 9 Grants 23 3 Finding out about Scheduled Monuments 15 Further Information 24 4 How to Request a Scheduling 16 Contacts 26 or Alteration of a Scheduled Area 5 How to Request an Independent Review 18 of a Decision to Schedule 2 Understanding Scheduling in Wales Did you Know? ¬ Scheduled monuments are protected Anyone can ask for a monument to 1 archaeological sites and unoccupied 4 be considered for scheduling if they historic ruins. They are selected to think it has national importance. represent all human activities from earliest times through to today. There are around 4,200 scheduled Changes to scheduled monuments are 2 monuments in Wales. 5 managed by Cadw through a process known as scheduled monument consent. You can find a record of every 3 scheduled monument on Cof Cymru — National Historic Assets of Wales www.cadw.gov.wales/advice-support/cof- cymru 3 Understanding Scheduling in Wales Introduction ¬ Scheduled monuments are a precious part of our military structures built during the twentieth century. heritage. They help to create Wales’s distinctive Scheduled monuments represent all aspects of the character and contribute to our identity and sense lives of our ancestors ranging from special to everyday of place. They are the physical evidence for the activities. From places to live, work and play through activities and lives of the people who have lived in to places of conflict and worship, these nationally Wales before us and who shaped the land that we important monuments provide a connection live in today. Collectively, our scheduled monuments with the ambitions and skills of past generations. represent and promote Wales. Many have Scheduling helps us to recognise all the special international significance which attracts visitors from qualities of these places and protects them for the all over the world. benefit of future generations. Scheduling identifies monuments which are Today’s owners and occupiers of land containing considered to be of national importance to Wales. scheduled monuments have a critical part to play This means that they have importance not just in managing our heritage. Through their care and locally but for the wider cultural heritage of Wales. commitment to safeguarding these precious assets, They range in date from prehistoric caves occupied we will all be able to enjoy these monuments of over a quarter of a million years ago to industrial and national importance today and in the future. The scheduled Second World War gun house, which protected the beach at St Ishmaels, Carmarthenshire. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government 4 Understanding Scheduling in Wales 1. What is Scheduling? ¬ Scheduling is the way that a monument or scheduled monuments are archaeological sites or archaeological site of national importance is historic ruins. recognised by law through the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. The aim of scheduling is to preserve the archaeological evidence that survives within sites It is our oldest form of heritage protection. It began and monuments. This includes the physical fabric in 1913 but its origins go back to 1882 when of the monument and any associated artefacts and measures to protect some ancient monuments environmental evidence, such as pollen or seeds. first became law. This is when the term ‘schedule’ This means that if you want to carry out work that was first used to describe a list of mainly prehistoric would physically alter a scheduled monument you will sites that deserved State protection. probably need to apply to us for permission known as scheduled monument consent. The scheduled Although it is the responsibility of the Welsh Ministers monument consent process is intended to protect to compile the schedule, in practice, we — Cadw — the monument, its setting and its features from recommend which monuments should be scheduled. unsympathetic works that could damage its national The term ‘scheduled monument’ is wide ranging. importance. It includes not only well-known castles, abbeys and prehistoric burial sites, but also less familiar sites such as limekilns, deserted medieval settlements and the remains of the iron, coal and slate industries in Wales. Some scheduled monuments contain standing buildings or ruins and others have no visible remains above ground, but their buried archaeology is of national importance. Sites that are underwater can be scheduled too, such as submerged lakeside settlement sites or historic wrecks. In fact, monuments and archaeological remains of all forms and dates can be scheduled providing they are not lived in or used for ecclesiastical purposes. This means that most Pentre Ifan burial chamber was one of the first sites This record of Pentre Ifan was made by the first to be protected in Wales when it was included on inspector of ancient monuments, General Pitt the schedule in the Ancient Monuments Protection Rivers, and his assistant, William Tomkin, when they Act of 1882. visited the site in 1884. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government 5 Understanding Scheduling in Wales Many monuments and archaeological sites are monuments to the schedule, and sometimes important to their local communities, but, to be remove them. scheduled, they must be of national importance. The criteria for defining national importance The following selection of sites shows how scheduled are explained in section 2. We continue to add monuments can range widely in type and date. Paviland Cave, Swansea. This cave site contains important archaeological deposits dating to the Upper Palaeolithic period. Excavations between 1822 and 1823 revealed the burial of the ‘Red Lady of Paviland’ though the skeletal remains proved to be those of a young adult male which are 33,000 years old. He was buried in the cave floor, covered in red ochre, and accompanied by a number of grave goods. This nationally important sites contains some of the earliest evidence for the human occupation of Britain and has the potential to contain further significant archaeological features and deposits. From the collections of the National Monuments Record of Wales © Paul R. Davis Arthur’s Stone, Swansea. This distinctive Neolithic chambered tomb is also known as Maen Ceti and, like many prehistoric sites, it has attracted folklore about its origins and form. In fact, it seems as though two separate chambers were created beneath the enormous capstone by the insertion of uprights, of which nine remain in position. The monument is of national importance for its potential to enhance our knowledge of prehistoric burial and ritual as there is a strong probability that intact burial or ritual deposits and environmental and structural evidence, including a buried prehistoric land surface, survive. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire. Most of the island is scheduled because it retains a remarkably complete prehistoric field system, including field boundaries, lynchets, hut groups, burnt mounds and cairns. The well-preserved archaeology means that the evidence for the chronology, longevity and eventual abandonment of settlement on the island is also likely to survive. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales 6 Understanding Scheduling in Wales Harlech Castle, Gwynedd. Built for King Edward I in 1283, the castle is scheduled as an excellent example of medieval military architecture. It also makes up part of the World Heritage Site of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gywnedd. Harlech Castle is an iconic monument in Wales and will be familiar as a site of national importance to many people. It is cared for by Cadw on behalf of the Welsh Government. © Crown copyright (2019), Cadw, Welsh Government Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbighshire. This Cistercian house was founded in 1201 and closed in 1537.