Knowledge Organiser Year 9 Term 1 and 2 2019-2020 Name: ………………………………... Try using these memorisation techniques with your Knowledge Organisers Quizlet Login Details: Show my Homework Login Details: Autumn Term - Biology Knowledge Organiser 1 1. The importance of communities 2. Organisms in their environment 5. Competition in plants An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment Abiotic (non-living factors) that effect Biotic (living factors) that effect commu- Plants often compete with each other for light, space, water communities of organisms nities of organisms and mineral ions from the soil Organisms require materials from their surroundings and other liv- ing organisms to survive and reproduce Light intensity Availability of food Light is needed for photosynthesis Within a community, each species depends on other species for Temperature New predators arriving Water is needed for photosynthesis and to keep their tissues food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal. If one species is removed it rigid and supported Moisture levels New pathogens can affect the whole community. This is called interdependence Minerals are needed to make all the chemicals they need in A stable community is where all the species and environmental fac- Soil pH and mineral content New competitors their cells tors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant. Wind intensity and direction Space allows them to grow—it allows their roots to take in water and minerals and their leaves capture sunlight Carbon dioxide levels for plants Plants have many adaptations that make them good com- Availability of oxygen for aquatic animals petitors for example different types of roots ; some have shallow roots to take in water from the surface and some 3. Distribution and abundance 4. Competition in animals plants have deep roots to absorb water from deep under- Ecologists study the effects of abiotic and biotic Best adapted organisms are those most likely to win the compe- 7. Adaptation in animals ground factors on the abundance and distribution of tition for resources Animals may have structural, behavioural Plants produce seeds with different adaptations to allow organisms Animals compete with each other for food, territories and mates or functional adaptations them to spread as far as possible, for example explosive seed Quadrats are a square frame used to investigate pods. This reduces competition. Animals have adaptations that make them successful competi- Structural adaptions include the shape or the population of plants and slow moving ani- tors colour of the organism or part of the or- mals ganism A successful competitor is an animal that is adapted to be better Quadrats should be placed at random areas and at finding food or a mate than the other members of its own Behavioural adaptations include migra- a suitable sample size should be chosen tion to move to a better climate for the species. 8. Adaptation in plants The mean, median and mode can be used to summer or winter, basking to absorb en- Plants may have adaptations to enable them to take in light, analyse data ergy from the sun and tool-using to ob- tain food water and mineral ions The mean is found by adding up all the samples 6. Adapt and survive Plants in dry areas reduce the surface area of their leaves to and dividing by the total number of samples Surface area to volume ratio can be used Plants need light, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and mineral ions to as an adaptation, for example animals in reduce water loss. Some plants have thick fleshy stems or The median is found by placing the values in or- survive cold habitats reduce their surface area to leaves to store water. Some plants have a thicker waxy cuti- der and the middle value is found. cle to decrease evaporation from the leaf. Cacti are good ex- Animals need food from other organisms, water and oxygen to sur- reduce heat loss e.g. they have small ears The mode is the most frequently occurring value amples of plants that are well adapted to dry habitats vive Camouflage is used to hide from preda- A transect is used to study the distribution of Plants in dry habitats may have extensive root systems e.g. Some microorganisms need oxygen to survive, some do not, some tors organisms along a changing habitat e.g. a rocky long deep roots ,and or shallow roots that spread over a need light, some do not Animals in dry places have kidneys that shore. A transect can be made from a tape large area. produce very concentrated urine to re- measure placed between two points. Adaptations are features that allow an organism to survive duce how much water they need to drink. Extremophiles survive in extreme conditions e.g. very high tempera- tures. These organisms have adaptations to help them survive e.g. enzymes that do not denature at high temperatures. Autumn Term - Biology Knowledge Organiser 2 1. Feeding relationships 2. Materials cycling Photosynthetic organisms are the producers of biomass for life on Earth Feeding relationships within an ecosystem can be represented by a food chain Material in the living world is recycled to provide building blocks for future organisms A food chain always starts with a producer. On land this is a green plant which synthesises glu- Decay is the breakdown of dead animals and plants by microorganisms and returns carbon to the atmosphere as cose by photosynthesis carbon dioxide and mineral ions to the soil Producers are eaten by primary consumers which in turn may be eaten by secondary consum- Detritus feeders are invertebrates such as maggots, that start the process of decay ers and then tertiary consumers Microorganisms, fungi and bacteria are called decomposers Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is used by plants in photosynthesis. The water cycle provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas. Water is con- tinuously evaporated, condensed and precipitated. Con- sumers that eat other animals are often predators and those that are eaten are prey In a stable community, the numbers of predators and prey rise and fall in a cycle. 3. The carbon cycle The carbon cycle returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis. Pho- tosynthesis is how plants make their own food The decay of dead plants and animals by microorganisms returns carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when the microor- ganisms respire All living organisms respire and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere Burning fossil fuels (combustion) has increased the amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. This is contrib- uting to global warming and climate change 4. Rates of decomposition The carbon cycle Factors that affect the rate of decay of organic matter are – temperature, oxygen availability and moisture levels. Decay occurs quicker in warmer conditions, in the presence of oxygen and when it is moist—these provide the optimum conditions for the microorganisms Gardeners and farmers try to provide the optimum conditions for the rapid decay of waste organic matter. The compost produced is used as a natural fertiliser Anaerobic decay (decay without oxygen produces methane gas. Biogas generators can be used to produce methane gas as a fuel. 5. The human population explosion High biodiversity helps ensure the stability of ecosystems by reducing the dependence of one species on another for food, shelter and the maintenance of the physical environment Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of all the different species of organisms on Earth Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste The future of the human species on Earth depends on us maintaining a good level of biodiversity. Many human activities are reducing biodiversity and only recently have measures been taken to address the problem. Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that in- creasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced. 6. Land, water and air pollution Unless waste and chemical materials are properly handled, more pollution will be caused Pollution can occur on land, from landfill and toxic chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides, which may also be washed from land to water. Pesticides are chemicals used to kill pests and herbicides are chemicals used to kill weeds Pollution can occur in water from sewage, fertilisers, or toxic chemicals. These chemicals can build up in food chains to toxic levels (bioaccumulation) Bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in a food chain Air pollution leading to acid rain Pollution can occur in the air from smoke and from acidic gases, such as sulfur dioxide Pollution kills animals and plants, which can reduce biodiversity. Trilogy Chemistry Knowledge Organiser: Atomic Structure An atom has a tiny nucleus at its centre, surrounded by electrons. Balancing an equation You can NEVER change a Elements contain only one type of atom. But compounds contain more than one chemical formula while type of atom. balancing an equation. Law of conservation of mass The total mass of products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants. Mixtures can be separated by: Filtration Crystallisation Distillation Chromatography Trilogy Chemistry Knowledge Organiser: Atomic Structure History of the atom Structure of the atom Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment led to the plum-pudding model being replaced by the nuclear model. Results showed: 1)The nucleus of an atom has a Shells The plum-pudding model relatively small diameter compared with that of the atom. suggested that the atom was a ball Electronic structure of positive charge with negative 2) Most of the mass of the atom is The first shell can hold up concentrated in the nucleus.