GUIDELINES FOR THE CARE AND USE OF MAMMALS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH Committee on Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Division on Earth and Lifes Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti­ tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. N01-OD-4-2139 Task Order 90 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guidelines for the care and use of mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research / Committee on Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research. p. cm. ISBN 0-309-08903-4 (pbk.) — ISBN 0-309-50587-9 (PDF) 1. Neurosciences—Research—Methodology. 2. Laboratory animals. I. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (U.S.). Committee on Guildelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research. II. National Academies Press (U.S.) RC337.G85 2003 616.8’0427—dc21 2003011672 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334­ 3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. 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Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org iv COMMITTEE ON GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH Richard C. Van Sluyters (Chair), University of California, Berkeley, School of Optometry, Berkeley, California Michael Ballinger, Abbott Laboratories, Comparative Medicine, Abbott Park, Illinois Kathryn Bayne, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International, Rockville, Maryland Christopher Cunningham, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Portland, Oregon Anne-Dominique Degryse, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Laboratory Animal Resources, France Ronald Dubner, University of Maryland Dental School, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Biological Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland Hugh Evans, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York Martha Johnson Gdowski, University of Rochester, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Rochester, New York Robert Knight, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, California Joy Mench, University of California, Davis, Department of Animal Science, Davis, California Randy J. Nelson, Ohio State University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Columbus, Ohio Christine Parks, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Research Animal Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin Barry Stein, Wake Forest University, Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Linda Toth, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Springfield, Illinois Stuart Zola, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Consultants Terrie Cunliffe-Beamer, Genetics Institute, Andover, Massachusetts Peggy Danneman, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine Timothy Mandrell, University of Tennessee, Department of Comparative Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee Randall J. Nelson, University of Tennessee, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, Tennessee Staff Jennifer Obernier, Study Director Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant Marsha Barrett, Project Assistant Norman Grossblatt, Senior Editor v INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Peter A. Ward (Chair), University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan Stephen W. Barthold, University of California, Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, California Rosemary W. Elliott, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Buffalo, New York Michael F. Festing, University of Leicester, MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom Janet C. Gonder, Pinehurst, North Carolina Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Central Animal Laboratories, Bilthoven, Netherlands Jay R. Kaplan, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hilton J. Klein, Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, West Point, Pennsylvania William Morton, University of Washington, National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington Randall J. Nelson, University of Tennessee, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Memphis, Tennessee Emilie F. Rissman, University of Virginia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Charlottesville, Virginia Lilly-Marlene Russow, Purdue University, Department of Philosophy, West Lafayette, Indiana William S. Stokes, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Michael K. Stoskopf, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina Thomas Wolfle, Cambridge, Maryland Staff Joanne Zurlo, Director Marsha Barrett, Project Assistant Kathleen Beil, Administrative Assistant Ralph Dell, Associate Director Jennifer Obernier, Study Director Susan Vaupel, Editor of ILAR Journal vi Preface Thirteen years ago, a group of 30 some neuroscientists, laboratory-animal veterinarians, and institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) mem­ bers gathered at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD, for a workshop sponsored by the National Eye Institute (NEI). The group’s purpose was to draft a set of guidelines to help in the preparation and review of protocols for the use of animals in neuroscience. The result was a 45-page report titled Preparation and Maintenance of Higher Mammals During Neuroscience Experi­ ments. Published by NIH in 1991, the booklet ultimately went through three printings, and NEI distributed over 30,000 copies to IACUCs, veterinarians, and neuroscientists throughout the world. The Red Book, as it came to be known for its bright red cover, was far more successful