THE JOHN F. KENNEDY NATIONAL SECURITY FILES USSRUSSR ANDAND EASTERNEASTERN EUROPE:EUROPE: NATIONAL SECURITY FILES, 1961–1963 FIRST SUPPLEMENT A UPA Collection from National Security Files General Editor George C. Herring The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963 USSR and Eastern Europe First Supplement Microfilmed from the Holdings of The John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide compiled by Nicholas P. Cunningham A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The John F. Kennedy national security files, 1961–1963. USSR and Eastern Europe. First supplement [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. — (National security files) “Microfilmed from the holdings of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts.” Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Nicholas P. Cunningham. ISBN 1-55655-876-7 1. United States—Foreign relations—Soviet Union—Sources. 2. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—United States—Sources. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1961–1963— Sources. 4. National security—United States—History—Sources. 5. Soviet Union— Foreign relations—1953–1975—Sources. 6. Europe, Eastern—Foreign relations—1945– 1989. I. Lester, Robert. II. Cunningham, Nicholas P. III. University Publications of America (Firm) IV. Title. V. Series. E183.8.S65 327.73047'0'09'046—dc22 2005044440 CIP Copyright © 2006 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-876-7. TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note ...................................................................................... v Source Note ........................................................................................................... ix Editorial Note......................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ ix Abbreviations List ................................................................................................. xi Reel Index Reel 1 Albania, General .............................................................................................. 1 Bulgaria, General............................................................................................. 1 Czechoslovakia, General ................................................................................ 1 Hungary, General ............................................................................................ 2 Poland, General ............................................................................................... 3 Reel 2 Poland, General cont. ...................................................................................... 3 Poland, Subjects ............................................................................................. 4 Rumania, General ........................................................................................... 4 Reel 3 Rumania, General cont. .................................................................................. 5 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, General .................................................. 5 Reels 4–8 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, General cont. ......................................... 7 Reels 9–16 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Subjects ................................................ 17 Reel 17 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Subjects cont. ........................................ 28 Yugoslavia, General ........................................................................................ 29 Reel 18 Yugoslavia, General cont. ............................................................................... 30 Reel 19 Yugoslavia, General cont. ............................................................................... 31 Yugoslavia, Subjects ....................................................................................... 32 iii Principal Correspondents Index.......................................................................... 33 Subject Index ......................................................................................................... 39 iv SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE The John F. Kennedy National Security Files, 1961–1963, USSR and Eastern Europe, First Supplement, consists of documents on political, diplomatic, economic, and social developments concerning the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and, to a lesser extent, Eastern Europe. The files are organized alphabetically by country and chronologically within each country. The collection contains cables, letters, and reports from diplomatic personnel; memoranda and analyses from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the State Department; transcripts of speeches; and political/economic assessments. Most of the collection contains files on the Soviet Union. The collection begins with documents on the diplomatic relations between the new Kennedy administration and the Soviet government. When Kennedy took office, the United States and the Soviet Union were in the midst of the cold war. One subject continuously present in this collection is the state of relations between the two nations. The collection includes analyses and updates by the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, Foy Kohler; Secretary of State Dean Rusk; Undersecretary of State George Ball; U.S. Ambassador to the United Na- tions Llewellyn Thompson; and adviser on national security Walt Whitman Rostow. In addition, this collection documents conversations with Soviet officials such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko and Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin, as well as speeches delivered by Nikita Khrushchev. Many issues created tension between the United States and the Soviet Union during this period, and predominant in this collection of National Security Files is the Berlin crisis. In August 1961, the Soviet government began the construction of the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration from East Germany to West Germany. The National Security Files contain many cables from the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union about discus- sions with Soviet officials over an agreement on the status of Berlin. Furthermore, State Department officials provide analyses and reports on the potential agreement points on the Berlin issue. Another important issue covered in the National Security Files is the relationship between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The Soviet Union and the PRC had been friendly since the Communist Revolution in China in 1949 that brought Mao Zedong to power. The two Communist nations worked together to advance the Communist movement throughout the 1950s. In 1956, however, relations between the Soviet Union and the PRC started to deteriorate. At the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev delivered a speech denouncing Joseph Stalin and his “cult of personality.” The Chinese became very agitated at what they believed was an attack on Marxism-Leninism. Mao Zedong believed that Khrushchev was betraying the principles of communism. Furthermore, Khrushchev supported a policy of “peaceful coexistence” with non-Communist nations. In other words, Communist nations could live peacefully with capitalist nations and avoid war. This was in contradic- tion to the Marxist idea of the inevitability of confrontation with capitalism. In the eyes of v the Chinese, Khrushchev was being “soft” concerning relations with the West, as the United States was seen as the most hated enemy of communism. In the ensuing years, the Soviet Union and the PRC engaged in propaganda attacks on one another. Relations between the two Communist nations were very strained in the early 1960s, as reflected in these National Security Files. The collection contains many documents from State Department officials, the CIA, and ambassadors analyzing the causes of the Sino-Soviet conflict, potential developments, and implications for the United States. This collection also includes letters from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the Chinese Communist Party and vice versa, which contain the propa- ganda attacks that were exchanged between the Soviet Union and the PRC. A third major issue during the Kennedy administration was the Cuban missile crisis, which had profound implications for the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union moved nuclear weapons into Cuba, resulting in a period of tension that came closer to nuclear war than ever before. This collection of documents has files on the correspondence between Soviet and U.S. officials during and after the crisis. The collection contains many analyses of the implications of the Cuban missile crisis for U.S.-USSR relations. As a result of the threat of nuclear war, the United States and the Soviet Union at- tempted to improve relations to avoid a second nuclear encounter. Talks of nuclear disarmament and prevention of nuclear proliferation were significant occurrences during this period. The two nations attempted to agree on a nonaggression pact and a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons. Officials from both governments met with relative suc- cess in signing the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, which banned the detonation of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space, or underwater. This collection of National Security Files contains related