IA SCIEN M T E IA D R A V C M A PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SOCIALIVM ACTA 20 S A O I C C I I F A I T L I N V M O P Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization The Proceedings of the 20th Plenary Session 17-21 April 2015 Libreria Editrice Vaticana • Vatican City 2016 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 1 2 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Acta 20 The Proceedings of the 20th Plenary Session Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 17-21 April 2015 IA SCIE M NT E IA D R A V C M A S A I O C C I F I I A T L I N V M O P LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA • VATICAN CITY 2016 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 3 The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Casina Pio IV, 00120 Vatican City Tel: +39 0669881441 • Fax: +39 0669885218 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.pass.va The opinions expressed with absolute freedom during the presentation of the papers of this meeting, although published by the Academy, represent only the points of view of the participants and not those of the Academy. ISBN 978-88-86726-29-0 © Copyright 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, pho- tocopying or otherwise without the expressed written permission of the publisher. THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA VATICAN CITY 4 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization In recent years, the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, thanks to the efforts of its President, its Chancellor and a num- ber of prestigious external collaborators – to whom I offer my heartfelt thanks – has engaged in important activities in defence of human dignity and freedom in our day. This has been par- ticularly the case with efforts to eliminate human trafficking and smuggling, as well as new forms of slavery such as forced labour, prostitution, organ trafficking, the drug trade and or- ganized crime. As my predecessor Pope Benedict XVI stated, and I myself have repeated on several occasions, these are true crimes against humanity; they need to be recognized as such by all religious, political and social leaders, and by national and international legislation. Statement by His Holiness Pope Francis to the “Judges’ Summit on Human Trafficking and Organized Crime”, Casina Pio IV, Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, Vatican City, Friday, 3 June 2016. Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 5 6 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 7 8 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization Contents Discurso del Santo Padre Francisco ....................................................... 13 Address of His Holiness Pope Francis .................................................... 15 Address of the President to the Holy Father .......................................... 19 Introduction ........................................................................................... 21 Programme ............................................................................................. 25 List of Participants ................................................................................. 30 OPENING SESSION Where Does Human Dignity Come From? Archbishop Roland Minnerath ................................................................ 37 Argentina: logros y dificultades ante el hodierno reto de reducir la prostitución y el trabajo forzoso Gustavo Vera ............................................................................................. 45 The Limitations of Necessary Criminalisation: Developing a Comprehensive and Holistic Response to Modern Slavery Kevin Hyland ........................................................................................... 54 No Longer Slaves, but Brothers and Sisters Flaminia Giovanelli ................................................................................... 68 THE ETIOLOGY OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS The Social Etiology of Human Trafficking, its Global Distribution and Differences: Setting the Scene Kristiina Kangaspunta .............................................................................. 77 The Social Etiology of Human Trafficking: How Poverty and Cultural Practices Facilitate Trafficking Alexis A. Aronowitz .................................................................................. 99 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 9 CONTENTS How Can Data Collection Help Victims of Modern Slavery? Michaëlle De Cock................................................................................. 130 The Programme of Pope Francis According to the Gospel: the Church as Intrinsically a Social Movement to Make the Last First Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo ....................................................................... 134 THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS The ILO: Successes, Difficulties and Problems in Reducing Forced Labour in Different Parts of the World Beate Andrees .......................................................................................... 153 Legal and Policy Framework of the EU Relating to Criminalisation, Prevention and Demand Reduction Myria Vassiliadou .................................................................................... 172 The Role of the UN and its Sustainable Development Goals in Seeking to Reduce/Eliminate Human Trafficking by 2020 Jeffrey Sachs ............................................................................................. 181 THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION A UK Perspective on Human Trafficking: Aspects of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 John F. McEldowney ................................................................................ 191 An Evaluation of the Place of Repatriation in French Law Yves Charpenel ...................................................................................... 213 Supporting Victims-Survivors After Trafficking: Recovery, Return and Reintegration Programs in the Philippines Maruja M.B. Asis .................................................................................... 222 ISSUES OF RESETTLEMENT INITIATIVES FROM VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS Lessons from Two Decades of Casework: How to Restore Survivors and Communities Gary Haugen .......................................................................................... 247 10 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization CONTENTS Difficulties and Successful Practices in Facilitating a New Life for Persons Trafficked to Great Britain Kate Garbers ........................................................................................... 271 Difficulties and Successful Practices in Facilitating a New Life for Persons Trafficked to Italy Giovanni Paolo Ramonda ....................................................................... 281 The Challenge of Resettling Those Who Have Been Trafficked, With Special Reference to Nigeria Sr. Eugenia Bonetti, MC ......................................................................... 288 Integration and Settlement for Survivors of Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia and Australasia Sallie Yea ................................................................................................. 313 TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN ORGANS Scars: Embodied Memories of Organ Transplant and Organs Trafficking Nancy Scheper-Hughes .......................................................................... 327 Trafficking of Human Organs in India Fr. Mathew Abraham, C.Ss.R. ................................................................. 361 THE NORMATIVE REDUCTION OF ‘DEMAND’ FOR TRAFFICKED PERSONS. WHAT INCREASES AND REDUCES ‘DEMAND’? How the Global Economy Fosters Human Trafficking Stefano Zamagni ..................................................................................... 377 The Norwegian Sex Purchase Act Steinar Strøm, Ingeborg Rasmussen, Sidsel Sverdup and Vibeke Wøien Hansen ...................................................................... 401 A ‘Liberal Profession’? The Norwegian Debate on the “Sex Buying Act” Janne Haaland Matlary ............................................................................ 410 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 11 CONTENTS How Does Social Normativity Change and Can It Be Brought to Foster the Common Good? Pierpaolo Donati .................................................................................... 422 How to Bring About Normative Change in the Demand for Trafficked Persons Douglas V. Porpora .................................................................................. 469 Final Recommendations ....................................................................... 494 Recomendaciones finales ..................................................................... 498 APPENDIX Homily by Card. Giovanni Battista Re .................................................... 511 Homily by Card. Beniamino Stella ........................................................ 514 12 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization Discurso del Santo Padre Francisco a los participantes en la Sesión Plenaria de la Pontificia Academia de Ciencias Sociales Sábado 18 de abril de 2015 Queridos hermanos y hermanas: Os doy la bienvenida a vosotros, miembros de la Academia pontificia de ciencias sociales y participantes en esta sesión plenaria dedicada a la trata de personas. Agradezco