PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI POTENTIAL DIFFICULTIES FOR NATAIA SPEAKERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH PHONOLOGY A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies by Firmus Madhu Dhengi 146332003 GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI POTENTIAL DIFFICULTIES FOR NATAIA SPEAKERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH PHONOLOGY A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies by Firmus Madhu Dhengi 146332003 GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI POTENTIAL DIFFICULTIES FOR NATAIA SPEAKERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH PHONOLOCN !;&?.ffi '""9#"'#"*-b gis#a effitrfl^.*!.,:l *:,,.\\ E \"Td@. I b*"oKoc Approved by Dr. Fr. Borsias Alio. M.Pd.. MA.. Advisor Yogyakarta, August 5, 2016 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI poTENtup.,Drryr,b ronNArara srn *s . IN LEARNTNGENGLTSII?IIONOLOGY '_q X'irmus Madhu Dhengi Chair Secretary Member Yogyakarta,, Sanuary' 2 7, 2A fi ' The Cnaduate Program Director PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI *,8 lrl i STAT..EITffNT Or OruGINALITY This is to certiff that all ideas, phrasss, sentsnce.s, unless otherwise statd are the idecs, phrases, and seuterces o}'ths thesis lr.ritff. The writer uuOerstanAs the full.consoquence, includiug dogreE caucellation, if he took somebody else.s ideas, phrases, sentences without profr references. Yogyakarta, 2 Novdmber 2016 w- ,l '. Firmus Madhu Dhengi 146332003 :f;. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI l LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUANPUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bbrtanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma, nama : Firmus Madhu Dhengi nomorMahasiswa :146332003 demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: POTENTIAL DIFFICULTIES FOR NATAIA SPEAKERS IN LEARNING ENGLISH PHONOLOGY beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan. mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat del'rgan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 2 November 2016 /q44{"*' " a./ Firmus Madhu Dhengi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer would first of all like to express his deepest and sincerest gratitude to Dr F. B Alip MPd, MA, academic advisor of this thesis, for his untiring and meticulous guidance without which this work could not have been completed. The writer also feels very much indebted to Prof Dr Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo Ph.D, Dr B.B Dwijatmoko MA, Drs F.X Mukarto Ph.D, Drs Barli Bram M.Ed. Ph.D, Dr Novita Dewi M.S, M.A, Dr J. Bismoko and Dr E. Sunarto M.Hum, for their professional expertise and personal views which have in one way or another contributed to the completion of this study. The writer would also like to thank his friend Erik Christopher, who edited part of this work and translated some Nataia proverbs and sayings into English. The writer’s deepest and heartfelt thanks also go to Hendra Soenardi Law Firm, which has granted him a scholarship for this graduate study. The writer understands that the scholarship would not have been offered without the benevolent heart of his younger brother and former student, Edi Hendra SH. MML. The writer would also like to dedicate this thesis especially to his beloved wife, Maria Arita Listyandari, who has been so loving and faithful all along. The last but not the least, may God the Merciful bless anyone to whom the writer has reasons to be grateful. Firmus Madhu Dhengi vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE................................................................................................ i APPROVAL PAGE........................................................................................ ii THESIS DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE..................................................... iii STATEMENT ON ORIGINALITY............................................................. iv LEMBARAN PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI..................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................ xii LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………………... xiii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRAK........................................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................... 1 1.2 Statements of the Problems......................................................................... 6 1.3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................. 6 1.4 Significance of the Study......................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................... 8 2.1 Review of Related Theories...................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Nataia and Foreign Language Studies ............................................ 8 2.1.2 Nataia and Language Family ……................................................... 12 2.1.3 Nataia and Verbal Preservation ....................................................... 14 2.1.4 English Articulatory Phonetics......................................................... 17 2.1.4.1 English Vowels................................................................... 17 2.1.4.2 English Consonants............................................................ 1 9 2.1.4.2.1 Bilabial.............................................................. 19 2.1.4.2.2 Labiodental....................................................... 20 2.1.4.2.3 Interdental......................................................... 20 2.1.4.2.4 Alveolar............................................................ 20 2.1.4.2.5 Palato Alveolar................................................. 21 vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2.1.4.2.6 Palatal............................................................... 21 2.1.4.2.7 Velar................................................................. 21 2.1.4.2.8 Glottal............................................................... 22 2.1.5 English Manner of Articulation................................................... 22 2.1.5.1 Voiced and Voiceless...................................................... 22 2.1.5.2 Oro nasals........................................................................ 22 2.1.5.3 Fricatives......................................................................... 23 2.1.5.4 Affricates ........................................................................ 24 2.1.6 English Phonological System...................................................... 24 2.1.7 English Phonological Processes.................................................. 25 2.1.7.1 Assimilation..................................................................... 25 2.1.7.2 Aspiration........................................................................ 27 2.1.7.3 Deletion........................................................................... 27 2.1.7.4 Insertion or Epenthesis.................................................... 27 2.1.7.5 Phonotatic Rules.............................................................. 27 2.1.7.6 English Stress.................................................................. 27 2.1.8 Contrastive Analysis.................................................................... 29 2.1.8.1 Historical Perspective...................................................... 29 2.1.8.2 Purpose of CA................................................................. 29 2.1.8.3 Movement Against Contrastive Analysis........................ 31 2.1.8.4 In Defense of Contrastive Analysis................................. 33 2.2 Review of Related Studies.......................................................................... 35 2.3 Theoretical Framework............................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................... 41 3.1 Object of the Study.................................................................................... 41 3.2 Type of Research....................................................................................... 41 3.3 Procedure of Data Collection.................................................................... 42 3.4 Procedure of Data Analysis....................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND ANALYSIS