INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A Practical Guide Improving solid waste management is crucial for countering public health impacts of uncollected waste and environmental impacts of open dumping and burning. This practical reference guide introduces key concepts of integrated solid waste management and identifi es crosscutting issues in the sector, derived mainly from fi eld experience in the technical assistance project Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia. This guide contains over 40 practice briefs covering solid waste management planning, waste categories, waste containers and collection, waste processing and diversion, landfi ll development, landfi ll operations, and contract issues. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacifi c region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to a large share of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by members, including from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A Practical Guide ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines 9 789292 578374 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org Tool Kit for Solid Waste Management in Asian_COVER.indd 1 6/1/2017 5:14:11 PM INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A Practical Guide Improving solid waste management is crucial for countering the public health impacts of uncollected waste as well as the environmental impacts of open dumping and burning. This publication is a practical reference guide introducing the key concepts of integrated solid waste management and identifying crosscutting issues in the sector, derived mainly from field experience in the technical assistance project Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia. This guide contains over 40 practice briefs covering solid waste management planning, waste categories, waste containers and collection, waste processing and diversion, landfill development, landfill operations, and contract issues. Each brief can be read individually for a quick, topical reference or can be read collectively as one instructive toolkit for the entire integrated solid waste management cycle. Guide A Practical GOVERNMENTS LOCAL FOR MANAGEMENT SOLID WASTE INTEGRATED About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, INTEGRATED SOLID it remains home to a large share of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. WASTE MANAGEMENT Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS INTEGRATEDA Practical Guide SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A Practical Guide ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org waste COVER 03152017.indd 1 17/3/2017 6:01 PM Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2017 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2017. ISBN 978-92-9257-837-4 (Print), 978-92-9257-838-1 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. TIM178662-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TIM178662-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 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Printed on recycled paper coNTENTS iv TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOX v Foreword viii Preface ix ACKnowledgments xi ABBreviations xii IntrodUCTION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING 1 Types of Municipal Solid Waste Characterization Audits 3 Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Tonnage Determination Procedures WASTE PROCESSING LANDFILL OPERATIONS AND DIVERSION 6 Waste Minimization 79 Stormwater Runoff Management 8 Plastic Bags 33 Recycling 81 Landfill Gas Management 11 Information, Education, and 37 Composting 84 Layout and Cell Development Communication Plans 40 Waste-to-Energy Emissions 87 Overview of Cell Operation 15 Climate Change-Responsive Management 90 Waste Compaction Approach to Solid Waste 42 Waste Pretreatment Required for 82 Litter Management Management Waste-to-Energy Incinerators 94 Fire and Pest Management 18 Integrated Solid Waste Management 44 Refuse-Derived Fuels 96 Waste Pickers or Scavengers Plan Implementation: Evaluation 46 Overview of Waste-to-Energy 99 Reporting and Complaints Register and Diagnosis Options for Developing Countries 101 Environmental Monitoring and Management Plans WASTE CATEGORIES LANDFILL DEVElopmENT coNTracT ISSUES 21 Management of Specific 49 Siting Guidelines 103 Private Sector Participation: Waste Types 52 Geotechnical Assessments Packaging Options 23 Difficult Wastes 55 Appropriate Standard for a Waste 107 Public–Private Partnerships in the Solid 25 Special Wastes Disposal Facility Waste Sector: Can They Succeed? 58 Dumpsite Remediation 108 Public–Private Partnership Contracts in 61 Controlled Landfill Sizing and the Philippines WASTE CONTAINERS Design Guidelines 110 Finding Bankable Solutions for Public– AND COLLECTION 67 Life Extension and Reprofiling Private Partnership Termination Fees 29 Waste Containers and Collection 69 Lining Systems 112 Public–Private Partnership Project 72 Overview of Leachate Management Stakeholders: Understanding Potential 74 Leachate Collection Systems and Internal Conflicts Lagoon Issues 76 Leachate Treatment Plants 115 REFERENCES TablES, FIGURES, AND BOX Tables 1 Common Issues and Solutions in Information, Education, and Communication Campaigns 12 2 Typical Composition of Landfill Waste by Type and Amount 34 3 Different Types of Waste Sorting Technologies 42 4 Impacts of Removing Certain Municipal Solid Waste Fractions on the Incineration Process 43 5 Infiltration Rates for Different Soil Types 53 6 Waste Disposal Facility Options 56 7 Steps for Controlled Landfill Sizing and Design 63 8 Composition of Landfill Leachate 77 9 Required Thickness for Different Materials of Gravel Blanket 82 10 Sample Activity and Corresponding Action in an Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan 101 11 Types of Private Sector Participation and Main Benefits 105 Figures 1 Waste Management Hierarchy 6 2 Container Deposit Flowchart 7 3 Information Flow and Actions 18 4 Efficiency and Effectiveness Related to Planning and Budgeting 19 5 Waste Management Hierarchy 33 6 Typical Plot of Cumulative Infiltration versus Time 54 7 Treatment Process for a Sophisticated Leachate Treatment System 78 8 Local Gas Blanket Intercepter 82 9 Cross Section through Stage 1 (top) and Cross Section through Final Landfill (bottom) 88 10 Sample Daily Landfill Diary Entry Page 99 11 Municipality-Led Institutional Model for Solid Waste Management 104 12 Public–Private Institutional Model for Solid Waste Management 104 13 Spectrum of Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure and Development Projects 105 Box Comparison of Bag Types, According to Material and Cost 9 iv FOREword Bambang