* n Z IN THE NAME OFALLAH, THE MOSTBENEFICENT, THE MOSTMERCIFUL IMPACTS OF ENGLISH CRITICISM ON PUNJABI CRITICISM 1947-2005 (An analytical and critical study) (Session 2003-2004) (Thesis Ph.D Punjabi) BB k$ SUBMITTED BY NAHEED QADIR Lecturer, Govt. Islamia College for women, Faisalabad SUPERVISOR Dr. NAHEED ZAMAN KHAN Associate Prof. Department of Punjabi, PUNJABI DEPARTMENT PUNJAB UNIVERSITY ORIENTAL COLLEGE LAHORE 2010 IMPACTS OF ENGLISH CRITICISM ON PUNJABI CRITICISM 1947-2005 (An analytical and critical study) (Session 2003-2004) (Thesis Ph.D Punjabi) aa Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Punjabi, from Punjabi Department, in the University of the Punjab, for the year 2003 - 2004 SUBMITTED BY NAHEED QADIR Lecturer, Govt. Islamia College for women, Faisalabad SUPERVISOR Dr. NAHEED ZAMAN KHAN Associate Prof. Department of Punjabi. PUNJABI DEPARTMENT PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, ORIENTAL COLLEGE LAHORE 2010 Permission has been granted by the University of the Punjab, reference No. I/735-ACAD, Dated. 15.02.2010 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is a result of my individual research andIhave not submitted this thesis concurrently to any other University for any degree whatsoever.I NAHEED QADIR TOMYPARENTS WHO TAUGHTME TO CAREANDREASON AND TO TAYYABA FATIMA WHO PUTITALL TOGETHER AND MORE Contents Title Page No. Preface i-iv Chapter 1 Literary criticism: an over view 1. Introduction 1 2. Criticism and literature 4 3. Critical theory 7 4. types of literary criticism 9 o Legislative criticism o Judicial criticism o Theoretical criticism o Evaluative criticism o Historical criticism o Biographical criticism o Comparative criticism o Descriptive criticism o Impressionistic criticism o Textual criticism o Psychological criticism o Sociological and Marxist Criticism o Archetypal criticism 5. Function / objectives of criticism / how 14 criticism acts 6. Essential principals of literary criticism 19 7. criticism and psychology 22 8. Image in poetry 26 9. Qualifications of a critic 27 10. References 32 Chapter 2 35 Important critical theories from Plato to present 35 o Moral criticism 43 o Formalism/New criticism 46 o Structuralism 53 o Post-structuralism 58 o Psychoanalytic criticism 64 o Marxist criticism 69 o Reader response/reader 74 oriented criticism o Feminist criticism 78 o Post modernism 82 o Post colonial criticism 83 References 87 Chapter 3 93 Urdu Criticism 1- Language and cultural evolution in sub-continent 93 i. The Dravidians and other invaders from 94 5000BC to 712ao and their impacts ii. The impacts of ‘Mughals’ on local 95 language and culture iii. The East India Company and 96 imperialism in India iv. Impacts of British rule on Urdu Language 98 and Literature in the Sub-Continent 2- The contribution of Sir Sayed Ahmad Khan and 102 impacts of other Movements on Urdu Literature and Criticism 3- Hali and Azad’s contribution towards Urdu 105 Literary Criticism 4- Twentieth Century and impacts of English 108 Literary Movements on Urdu Literature and Criticism References 122 Chapter 4 Punjabi criticism 126 Parti 126 History of the Punjab in literary perspective 126 1. Different Religious as well as literary movements 127 in Punjabi literature 2. The role of in vaders specially Mughal's 131 3. East India company and its socio-cultural impacts 135 on Punjab Part 2 138 Punjabi criticism after partition 138 • Early criticism in the form of ‘memoirs' 140 • Najam Hussain Sayed 147 170 * Sharif Kunjahi • Hussain Shahid 172 174 • Arif Abdullah Mateen 176 • Dr. Aslam Rana 178 • Dr. Shahbaz Malik 179 • Dr. Sarfraz Hussain Qazi 179 Dr. Ismat ullah Zahid • 183 Zafar Lashari 184 Prof. Syed Masood Hussain 185 Azra Waqar • Dr. Nabila Umer 186 • Prof. Samiultah Qureshi 188 • Dr. Dilshad Tiwana 190 References 192 Conclusion 198 Bibliography 210 \ PREFACE Surely, it is by the grace of bountiful Allah Almighty that I see my self at the threshold of an achievement. My life dream is going to be materialized, I am grateful to Him. It was no doubt an uphill task, to justify the topic and consolidate my thoughts in the form of thesis. It was sheer grace of Almighty Altah that criticism has always enamoured me. It has been my joy when I was doing my masters and now, in Ph D it has been a goal ambitiously sought for. I first became conscious of the impacts of English criticism on Punjabi criticism while reading certain Punjabi critics. Then I deliberately opted for the topic as no research has been done in this respect. I have tried to trace the impacts of English criticism on Punjabi criticism from 1947-2005. I specially tried to convey my point of view in a simple and lucid language, so to be understandable and accessible to the upcoming researchers and common readers. I have divided my thesis into four chapters. Chapter one Literary criticism: an over view’, deals with the meaning of literary criticism, relationship between criticism and literature, theory of criticism and its various types that have further led to different critical discussions and theories and a brief lay out of the qualities of a critic. Unless and until we get aware of the distinction between creative art and critical art, I feel we cannot fully grasp the \ point. Critic is a person of acute and sharp sensibilities; his requisite qualities and caliber are also discussed in this chapter. ii The second chapter. 'Important critical theories from Plato to present1 highlights the development of various thoughts and theories regarding literary criticism. After discussing the critical thoughts of the pioneers of criticism (Greek, Roman and English), and along with that also dilating upon the critical discussions initiated by them, I have described briefly the most important critical trends. I have focused my attention to those alone that were the most influential in respect of their impacts, first on Urdu and then on Punjabi criticism. Chapter three, Urdu Criticism’ is devoted to a bird’s eye view of Urdu criticism. Here again my concern is not the history of Urdu criticism but powerful impacts of English criticism on Urdu and later on Punjabi criticism. The chapter highlights the literary developments in the region starting from the Dravidians, moving along the coming of Muslim invaders, MughaEs and the British to the subcontinent. Certain movements of colonial and post colonial period and their impacts on literature and then on criticism have been discussed. The contribution of Sir Syed Ahmad khan and impact of other movements on Urdu literature and criticism along with the impact of English literary movements on Urdu literature and criticism have been discussed in this chapter to understand the impacts of English criticism on Punjabi criticism in a comprehensive manner. ! have overlooked the chronological order and might have left some detail but only which seemed irrelevant to my topic. iii Chapter four, the most important and the crux of the thesis, is about Punjabi criticism, Part one denotes to history of the Punjab in literary perspective- Here I have started with a brief introduction of Punjabi language and literature and then certain important movements of the period that influenced Punjabi literature and criticism. In Part two, \ have discussed the biographical memoirs as these are the earliest forms of criticism. Though the critical thoughts found here are quite scattered but important as seeds of later fully bloomed criticism. Here I have to consider the chronological order as wefl. But the chronological order of the critics is according to the publishing year of their books. later, one by one 1 have dilated upon the critical works of different critics to bring to surface the hidden elements of English criticism. It is a sort of review and criticism of criticism. 1 have given my results in the conclusion, I am deeply thankful to my supervisor Dr. Naheed Zaman Khan, the guiding star, who always encouraged me, guided me, advised me, and extended full support and co-operation that helped me to accomplish the task. My special thanks and regards to Dr Ismat ultah Zahid, Chairman Department of Punjabi Language and Literature, for the kindness that I always find in plenty. He always inspired me, Dr. Nabila Rehman deserves my special love as she off and on honoured me with her honest and knowledgeable piece of advice. To admit it honestly, when I was doing masters it was Prof. Khalid Humayon who nourished and developed my critical mind and thoughts, iv 1 need not to thank my affectionate friends. Prof. Razia Sajjad, Prof. Fouzia Sehar Malik (herself a Ph.D scholar). Prof, Nusrat Perveen and Prof. Tayyaba Fatima, who were always at my beck and call, always curious to guide me and loving enough to pray for me. Accomplishment of this study was made possible by bounteous contribution of my loving friend Tayyaba Fatima. She gave me encouragement and co-operation on every step. My father, Ch. Ghulam Qadir (Late), my mother Razia Ghulam Qadir always encouraged and prayed for my success, my brothers Ch. Farooq Ahmad. Engr. Altaf Qadir and Ch. Ehsan Qadir boost up the little efforts l made in this respect. Especially my brother Engr. Altaf Qadir is a ministering angel who contributed a lot to the peace of my mind needed to accomplish my work. My sisters Prof. Rakhshanda Akhtar, Mrs. Samina Qadir and Mrs. Riffat Qadir contributed a lot in the form of prayers. My bosom friend and sister in law Prof. Shazia Ahmad is really a helping hand to me. She relaxed me completely and freed my mind from household entanglements. But for her abundant love and care I could not have done it I am grateful to her and pray for her well being. My special word of thank to the family of my dear friend Tayyaba Fatima, especially her father Ch.