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For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Constitution-making and Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of Tunisia and Egypt after the 2010/11 Uprisings Tereza Jermanová A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Department of Politics and International Studies September 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables .………………………………………………....…..…iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Setting the Scene: Constitutional Agreement and International Assistance for Constitution-makers ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Constitution-making and Democratization .................................................................. 14 1.2.1 Democratization Scholarship ............................................................................... 15 1.2.2 Constitution-making Scholarship ......................................................................... 20 1.3 Contributions ............................................................................................................... 22 1.4 Research Design .......................................................................................................... 24 1.5 Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................ 26 2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework: Constitution-making Processes, their Design, and Democratization ....................................................... 31 2.1 Constitutions as Explanatory Variables and Outcomes ............................................... 32 2.2 Constitution-making Processes at the Centre of Scholarly Inquiry ............................. 37 2.2.1 Constitution-making Design, Inclusiveness, and Democracy .............................. 42 2.2.2 Constitution-making and Democratization .......................................................... 47 2.2.3 Limits of the Scholarly Literature on Constitution-making ................................. 50 2.3 The Role of Inclusive Constitution-making Design during Democratization: Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................... 54 2.3.2 Alternative Explanations of Constitutional Agreement ....................................... 59 2.3.3 Origins of Inclusive Constitution-making Design ................................................ 63 2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 70 3. Concepts, Methods and Data .............................................................................. 72 3.1 Defining the Context: Democratization ....................................................................... 72 3.1.1 Democracy ............................................................................................................ 73 3.1.2 Democratic Transition .......................................................................................... 76 3.1.3 Democratic Consolidation .................................................................................... 79 3.2 Defining Actors: Political Parties of the Anti-authoritarian Coalition ........................ 81 3.3 Defining the Outcome: Constitutional Agreement ...................................................... 83 3.3.1 Overall Constitutional Agreement ........................................................................ 84 3.4 Defining the Main Explanatory Factor: Constitution-making Design and its Inclusiveness ...................................................................................................................... 90 3.4.1 Substantive, Formal and Perceived Inclusiveness ................................................ 93 3.4.2 Operationalising Inclusiveness ............................................................................. 96 3.5 Origins of Constitution-making Design ..................................................................... 100 3.6 Methods, Case Selection, and Data ........................................................................... 102 3.6.1 Method and Case Selection ................................................................................ 102 3.6.2 Data .................................................................................................................... 106 3.6.3 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................ 117 3.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 120 4. Democratic Transitions and Anti-authoritarian Coalitions ........................... 122 4.1 Democratic Transitions in Tunisia and Egypt ........................................................... 126 4.1.1 Tunisia: From Kasbah Square to Electing the National Constituent Assembly . 127 4.1.2 Difficult Transition in Egypt .............................................................................. 131 i 4.2 Anti-authoritarian Coalitions in Tunisia and Egypt ................................................... 138 4.2.1 Anti-Ben Ali Coalition in Tunisia ...................................................................... 139 4.2.2 Anti-Mubarak Coalition in Egypt ....................................................................... 152 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 163 5. Constitutional (Dis)Agreement ......................................................................... 165 5.1 Constitutional Agreement in Tunisia ......................................................................... 168 5.1.1 Agreement in the Making ................................................................................... 171 5.1.2 Summary ............................................................................................................ 183 5.2 Constitutional Disagreement in Egypt ....................................................................... 185 5.2.1 Disagreement in the Making .............................................................................. 188 5.2.2 Summary ............................................................................................................ 198 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 200 6. Constitution-making Design and Inclusiveness ............................................... 203 6.1 Increasingly Inclusive Constitution-making Design in Tunisia ................................ 205 6.1.1 Main Constitution-making Channels .................................................................. 206 6.1.2 Formal, Substantive, and Perceived Inclusiveness ............................................. 219 6.1.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 230 6.2 Limits to Inclusiveness in the Constitution-making Design in Egypt ....................... 231 6.2.1 Main Constitution-making Channels .................................................................. 232 6.2.2 Formal, Substantive, and Perceived Inclusiveness ............................................. 241 6.2.3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 252 6.3 Conclusion: Inclusiveness of Constitution-making Design and Constitutional (Dis)Agreement in Tunisia and Egypt ............................................................................. 253 7. Origins of Constitution-making Design ........................................................... 258 7.1 Explaining the Origins of Inclusive Constitution-making Design in Tunisia ........... 261 7.1.1 Deciding to Elect the National Constituent Assembly ....................................... 262 7.1.2 Setting the Electoral System and NCA Approval Mechanisms ......................... 264 7.1.3 Changes in Inclusiveness: Consensus Commission ........................................... 270 7.1.4 Availability, Values, and Distribution of Power ................................................ 273 7.2 Explaining Limits to Inclusive Constitution-making Design in Egypt ..................... 275 7.2.1 Early Debates about Constitution-making Design and the 30 March Constitutional Declaration ..........................................................................................