INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION RESEARCH REPORT STUDY PROGRAM: LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE S3 BUDGET YEAR 2020 TITLE: Corpus-based Study of Utterances Used in Buddhism and Hinduism and Its Implementation in the Cultural Guiding Technique Instructions for Tourism Students in Indonesia and Thailand Researcher Team: Prof. Dr. Pratomo Widodo (Chief Researcher) Dr. Margana, M.Hum, MA Ashadi, Ed.D Iwan Akbar, S.Pd, M.Hum Wiwiek Afifah, S.Pd, M.Pd Rohani, S.Pd, MA Ni Wayan Surya Mahayanti, S.Pd, M.Pd Partner Researcher: Prof. Dr. Korakoch Attaviriyahupap (Silpakorn University, Thailand) RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY SERVICE INSTITUTE UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA 2020 PREFACE International collaborative academic research is becoming more challenging. Whether it is to gain access for short or long-term goals. For a number of reasons, international collaborative research will definitely have a positive impact for both parties. A number of collaborative researches has been carried out, but those raised issues that have the same identification from both parties are still rarely conducted. Therefore, this proposal focusses to explore the similarities existed in Indonesia and Thailand. This research attempt to explore the positive sources between Indonesia and Thailand. As we know that between those two nations lie a huge number of cultural-spiritual heritages that can be positively gained for some goals. In this proposal, researchers from Indonesia and Thailand will raise the issue of cultural tourism which has nuances of Buddhist and Hindu culture with several considerations: (1) Indonesia and Thailand have similar geographical and cultural characteristics so that this issue is considered very appropriate to be raised. (2) Both institutions namely Yogyakarta State University and Thailand have the same study program, English Department, so this research is considered appropriate and will have many benefits for students. (3) The output of this research is the composition of the corpus for international tourism, especially in the field of cultural-religious tourism, a model of a tourism guide for the cultural-spiritual context. The research that will be packaged in this research and development plan will take three years, with the following details: (1) The first year is vocabulary exploration related to tourism, culture, Hindu and Buddhist history. The output at this stage is the corpora relevant to the English department for tourism guiding program. (2) The second stage is the design and development of technical guidance for tourism for students in the English department study program. (3) The third stage is the application of products in two institutions, namely English study programs at Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Silpakorn University, Thailand. 20 November 2020 Researcher Team 2 3 ABSTRACT South-East Asia regions have a huge tourism giving significant contribution to the government. Additionally, recently UNESCO announced that there are 11 natural and 17 cultural heritage sites which increasingly strengthen countries in the South East Asia regions as a potential cultural tourism destination. Therefore, realizing that issues, Indonesia and Thailand as part of that region having number of cultural tourisms which have provided some unique natural and cultural heritage should take a role in this context. This study aims at developing model of corpus-based study of utterances used in Buddhism and Hinduism and its implementation in the cultural guiding technique instructions for tourism students in Indonesia and Thailand through the development of an educational product and attempts to discover new knowledge concerning the fundamental phenomena as well as educational practices. For this reason, the appropriate method to be used in this research is the Research and Development method of Borg & Gall (2003: 570). The reason for using of R & D method in this study is to fill the gap of theoretical fundamental with a practical one. Products resulting from this research, both in the forms of hardware and software will have certain characteristics. The characteristics will be a mixture of a number of concepts, principles, assumptions, hypothesis, and procedures relating to something that has been discovered or generated from a fundamental research. This study will be a collaboration of researchers of Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia and a partner researcher of Silpakom University, Thailand. The study then will analyze documents containing information on Buddhism, Hinduism, cultural tourism, and tourist guiding and also including a field visit to cultural tourism objects around Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Bangkok, Thailand. The data collection and analysis will involve several stages. In year 1, a corpus of Hinduism and Buddhism resources will be made. In year 2, a corpus-based teaching material for tourism guides will be developed. In year three, tryout and refinement of the teaching material will be conducted. 4 TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................... 2 PAGE OF APPROVAL ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURE ........................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………..7 LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………….8 CHAPTER I ………………………………………………………………………………………9 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 133 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 177 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………………….....24 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .………………………………...…….69 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………...…..71 APPENDIX 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………72 APPENDIX 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………73 APPENDIX 3 ................................................................................................................................ 66 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. 'The Five Phases of Instructional Design’ adapted from Cennamo and Kalk, (2005:6) Figure 3.2 Elements to be considered in Interactive Process Development (Adapted from Cennamo & Kalk, 2005:21 in Suratno, 2005) Figure 4.1 Converting Pdf and Webpage Files into Txt File Format using Nitro 10 Figure 4.2 Uploading Data in Voyant Figure 4.3 Selecting txt File to be Uploaded Figure 4.4 Loading for the Analysis in Voyant Figure 4.5 Results of Voyant Analysis Figure 4.6 Close Up the Results in Detail Figure 4.7 Most Frequently Words (Cirrus) Figure 4.8 Most Frequently Words (Links) Figure 4.9 Most Frequently Words (Terms) Figure 4.10 Most Frequently Words (Trends) Figure 4.11 Most Frequently Words (Document Terms) Figure 4.12 Most Frequently Words (Summary) Figure 4.13 Most Frequently Words (Contexts) Figure 4.14 Most Frequently Words (Search the Words) Figure 4.15 Document Segments of word “Hindu” Figure 4.16 Document Segments of word “Yoga” Figure 4.17 Document Segments of word “Caste” Figure 4.18 Document Segments of word “Goddess” Figure 4.19 Document Segments of word “Guru” Figure 4.20 Document Segments of word “Buddhist” Figure 4.21 Document Segments of word “Buddhism” Figure 4.22 Document Segments of word “Buddha” Figure 4.23 Document Segments of word “Monks” Figure 4.24 Document Segments of word “Bodhisattva” Figure 4.25 Document Segments of word “Dharmasastra” Figure 4.26 Document Segments of word “Shaiva” Figure 4.27 Document Segments of word “Upanishads” Figure 4.28 Document Segments of word “Brahmanical” Figure 4.29 Document Segments of word “Puranas” Figure 4.30 Document Segments of word “Mahayana” Figure 4.31 Document Segments of word “Maitreya” Figure 4.32 Document Segments of word “Kamma” Figure 4.33 Document Segments of word “Sudhana” Figure 4.34 Document Segments of word “Amitabha” 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Resources of Hinduism and Buddhism Corpus Construction Table 4.2 Hundred Most Frequently used words in Hinduism and Buddhism Corpus Table 4.3 Similar words in Hinduism and Buddhism Corpus Table 4.4 Different Terms in Hinduism and Buddhism Table 4.5 Unique Words/Lexical Used in Hinduism and Buddhism Table 4.6 Collocation of word “Hindu” Table 4.7 Collocation of word “Yoga” Table 4.8 Collocation of word “Goddess” Table 4.9 Collocation of word “Guru” Table 4.10 Collocation of word “Buddhist” Table 4.11 Collocation of word “Buddhism” Table 4.12 Collocation of word “Buddha” Table 4.13 Collocation of word “Monks” Table 4.14 Collocation of word “Bodhisattva” Table 4.15 Collocation of word “dharma” in Hinduism Context Table 4.16 Collocation of word “dharma” in Buddhism Context Table 4.17 Collocation of word “Sanskrit” in Hinduism Context Table 4.18 Collocation of word “Sanskrit” in Buddhism Context Table 4.19 Collocation of word “Temple” in Hinduism Context Table 4.20 Collocation of word “Temple” in Buddhism Context Table 4.21 Collocation of word “Dharmasastra” Table 4.22 Collocation of word “Shaiva” Table 4.23 Collocation of word “Upanishads” Table 4.24 Collocation of word “Brahmanical” Table 4.25 Collocation of word “Puranas” Table 4.26 Collocation of word “Mahayana” Table 4.27 Collocation of word “Maitreya” Table 4.28 Collocation of word “Kamma” Table 4.29