Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Ethnic Violence in the Former Soviet Union Richard H. Hawley Jr. (Richard Howard) Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION By RICHARD H. HAWLEY, JR. A Dissertation submitted to the Political Science Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2011 Richard H. Hawley, Jr. defended this dissertation on August 26, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Heemin Kim Professor Directing Dissertation Jonathan Grant University Representative Dale Smith Committee Member Charles Barrilleaux Committee Member Lee Metcalf Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii To my father, Richard H. Hawley, Sr. and To my mother, Catherine S. Hawley (in loving memory) iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who made this dissertation possible, and I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. Above all, I thank my committee chair, Dr. Heemin Kim, for his understanding, patience, guidance, and comments. Next, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Dale Smith, a committee member and department chair, for his encouragement to me throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. I am grateful for the support and feedback of my other committee members, namely Dr. Charles Barrilleaux, Dr. Lee Metcalf, and Dr. Jonathan Grant, the last of whom is my outside committee member from the department of history. Finally, I want to thank former committee members for their support, encouragement, and helpful comments, in particular Dr. Will H. Moore and Dr. Paul Hensel, the second of whom inspired me to approach ethnic conflict in the post-Soviet space from the territorial perspective. Thanks must also be extended to other university personnel who made the successful completion of this dissertation attainable. In particular, I want to thank Dr. Sara Tirulamasetty, M.D. for her encouragement and support, and for helping me to gain the structure I needed to reach this important milestone in my life. I also extend my gratitude to Dr. John Bailey, M.D., who helped me to stay on track, especially with the coursework. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Bea Awonyi, PhD., the Director of the Student Disability Resource Center at the Florida State University, and to Darren MacFarlane, MSW, the campus-wide social worker. Without them, I probably would have had a much harder time completing this dissertation. I also want to thank Mary Schneider and Jerry Fisher, the two departmental academic coordinators whom I have had the pleasure of befriending, and who offered me encouragement, gave me direction, and who made sure I did everything I was supposed to do to obtain my doctorate. I also want to extend my appreciation to the Graduate School at Florida State University, for making sure that my dissertation meets university guidelines, and for making the publication of this project possible. I thank the personnel at the Co-Cathedral of Saint Thomas More for their encouragement and guidance throughout all of my years as a doctoral student at the Florida State University. In particular, I owe my gratitude to Monsignor Mike Tugwell, Deacon Santiago Molina, Louis, and to the priests I have encountered in Tallahassee over the years. I also want to thank Brothers iv Jude Lasota, Sam Gunn, and Jason Zink for their friendship and help. I am grateful to have met Beth Dees, who assisted me in navigating this thing called life, and who helped to make the completion of this project possible. There were friends who I met down here in Tallahassee who gave me encouragement, guidance, and assistance over the years. In particular, I want to thank Kristian Bredemeyer, Jonathan Korsah, Bonny Bhatacharjee, PhD., Chad Tilford, Steve Mozier, Sean Kozlowski, and J.P. Gower for their friendship. You made my stay in Tallahassee welcoming and pleasant. Finally, I want to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my family, in particular to my father, Richard, and to my late mother, Catherine. I have dedicated this dissertation to you both, for you brought me into the world, raised me, and supported my doctoral dream. My stepmother, Judy, came into the lives of my father and me, and made the pain over losing my mother less intense. I also want to extend my gratitude to my sisters, Margaret and Joan, and to the men in their lives, Robert and Scott, for being there for them. In addition, I owe a tremendous debt to my late grandparents, and to my aunts, uncles, and cousins. You all encouraged me to pursue my dream, and to bring it to a successful conclusion. The scientific enterprise is built on the work of others, and all scientists are a team who work to advance the frontiers of knowledge. In particular, I want to extend my appreciation to the works of those who preceded me, and whom I have cited. Any errors of fact and interpretation in this dissertation are mine, and mine alone. Because of the aforesaid individuals, this work was completed, and it is my hope that it makes a contribution, however modest, to the scientific enterprise. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1 2. TERRITORIALITY IN ITS LITERATURE CONTEXT .......................................................... 9 3. THEORY OF TERRITORIALITY ...................................................................................... 27 3.1 Facilitating Conditions of Territoriality ......................................................................... 29 3.2 Research Design: Methods and Cases ............................................................................. 39 3.3 Conclusion and Summary ................................................................................................ 46 4. RUSSIAN AND SOVIET NATIONALITIES POLICIES....................................................... 48 5. NAGORNO-KARABAKH ..................................................................................................... 87 5.1 Historical Background ...................................................................................................... 90 5.2 Evaluation of Territoriality with the Nagorno-Karabakh Case ................................. 103 6. MOLDOVA ........................................................................................................................... 119 6.1 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 122 6.2 Evaluation of Territoriality with the Moldova Case .................................................... 133 7. CHECHNYA ......................................................................................................................... 146 7.1 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 147 7.2 Evaluation of Territoriality with the Chechnya Case .................................................. 154 8. NON-EVENT 1: TATARSTAN........................................................................................... 166 8.1 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 168 8.2 Evaluation of Territoriality with the Tatarstan Case .................................................. 188 9. NON-EVENT 2: CRIMEA................................................................................................... 197 9.1 Historical Background .................................................................................................... 198 9.2 Evaluation of Territoriality with the Crimea Case ...................................................... 223 vi 10. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 244 10.1 Causes of Ethnic Conflict ............................................................................................. 247 10.2 Non-Events ..................................................................................................................... 250 10.3 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................... 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 259 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................................................................................... 296 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANM Armenian National Movement ARC Autonomous Republic of Crimea ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic AzPF Azerbaijani Popular Front CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMMC Central Muslim Military Collegium CPD Congress of Peoples’ Deputies CPM Communist Party of Moldova CPRF Communist Party of the Russian