with oneanother. Phenomenon: FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS AND FIELDS PHENOMENA, DRIVING QUESTIONS AND STORYLINE AND QUESTIONS DRIVING PHENOMENA, Storyline/Flow Driving Guiding Phenomenon Activities PE (How an activity leads to Questions Questions subsequent activities) Gravity, How do What approaches can 1, 2 ETS1-1 Engineers solve all sorts of problems. Objectscanbeobserved whentheyarenotincontact tointeractwithotherobjectseven magnetism, engineers solve be used to solve a ETS1-2 For every problem to be solved, there are electricity, and problems related problem? (Activity 1) ETS1-3 different tools and scientifc concepts that electromagnetism to gravity? can be used to help design solutions. One ETS1-4 are used in scientifc concept used in many design designed systems. solutions is gravity. Gravity can be used when engineering a transportation system on the Moon. How do engineers NASA’s Apollo missions are an example of use a design process a practical application of gravity. Engineers to solve problems? accounted for gravity in their designs of (Activity 2) spacecraft that brought astronauts to the Moon. By making use of the engineering design process and understanding the criteria and constraints of the design task, NASA astronauts were able to reach, and return from, the Moon. When an object What How is energy 3, 4 PS3-2 When designing solutions to transportation is released in the determines transferred with a PS2-4 problems, the amount of energy stored in the air, it falls to the the strength of transporter set in system is important to consider. By changing ground. gravitational motion by gravity? a transporter’s mass or height, the energy FIELDS FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS forces? (Activity 3) stored in the system changes. This change is due to gravitational potential energy. What determines Scientifc investigations to learn more CORE NGSS AND COMMON the amount of about gravity can be conducted on the two gravitational force variables that seem to affect gravitational between objects? force: mass and distance. Beyond simple (Activity 4) classroom investigations, observations of objects interacting gravitationally gives evidence that gravity is a force-at-a-distance. That is, gravitational force is able to affect interacting objects even if those two objects T 7 are not touching. T NGSS AND COMMON CORE NGSS AND COMMON FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS AND FIELDS PHENOMENA, DRIVING QUESTIONS AND STORYLINE AND QUESTIONS DRIVING PHENOMENA, 8 Storyline/Flow FIELDS FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS Driving Phenomenon Guiding Questions Activities PE (How an activity leads to Questions subsequent activities) Magnets are How do How can we visualize a 5 PS2-5 The ability for objects to interact without being attracted to or magnetic forces magnetic feld? in physical contact is evidence for, and can be repelled by other work? (Activity 5) explained by, felds. While gravitational felds magnets. exist around all objects with mass, there are other types of familiar felds, like magnetic felds. A feld, such as a magnetic feld, can be mapped using tools that sense a feld’s direction and/or strength. For instance, a (continued) compass placed in a magnetic feld will point in the direction of the feld at that location. Gravity, How can How can magnetic felds 6 PS2-3 What happens if an object is experiencing magnetism, engineers solve be used to design a PS2-4 a force-at-a-distance due to more than one electricity, and problems using transporter prototype? ETS1-1 feld? The object will move in the direction electromagnetism magnetism and (Activity 6) of the stronger force until the two forces are ETS1-2 are used in gravity? balanced. Balanced forces from magnetic ETS1-3 designed systems. and gravitational felds can be used to design ETS1-4 a hovering transporter. Depending on how much mass needs to be moved, the magnetic feld needs to be strong enough to balance the gravitational force on the transporter. Designing a hovering transporter includes analyzing data from tests to create new improved solutions. FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS AND FIELDS PHENOMENA, DRIVING QUESTIONS AND STORYLINE AND QUESTIONS DRIVING PHENOMENA, Storyline/Flow Driving Phenomenon Guiding Questions Activities PE (How an activity leads to Questions subsequent activities) Gravity and What are felds? What factors affect 7 PS2-3 While gravitational felds and magnetic magnetism both the strength of a feld? PS2-4 felds are similar in that they can exert a affect objects at (Activity 7) PS2-5 force-at-a-distance, they also have some a distance. important differences. Magnetic felds exist PS3-2 only around magnetized objects, whereas gravitational felds exist around all objects with mass. Also, gravitational felds are only and always attractive, whereas magnetic felds can be attractive or repulsive depending on (continued) the relative orientations of the interacting magnetized objects. An important aspect of felds is that they can store potential energy. An object in a feld has potential energy due to its location in that feld. If an object changes its location in a feld, then the potential energy of the object due to the feld has either increased or decreased depending on if energy was transferred to or from that object. FIELDS FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS NGSS AND COMMON CORE NGSS AND COMMON T 9 T NGSS AND COMMON CORE NGSS AND COMMON FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS AND FIELDS PHENOMENA, DRIVING QUESTIONS AND STORYLINE AND QUESTIONS DRIVING PHENOMENA, 10 Storyline/Flow Driving Guiding FIELDS FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS Phenomenon Activities PE (How an activity leads to Questions Questions subsequent activities) When a balloon What is static What are the effects 8, 9, 10 PS2-3 Gravitational and magnetic felds are not the only is rubbed on hair, electricity? of static electricity? PS2-5 types of felds. Electric phenomena are due to electric the hair will be (Activity 8) PS3-2 felds. The everyday experience of static electricity attracted to the How can we demonstrates the properties of an electric feld. Objects balloon even as generate more with static electricity can be attracted to or repelled from the balloon is static electricity? other objects due to electric felds. pulled away. What determines An object becomes charged when there is a difference the amount and between the number of positive and negative charges (continued) direction of on it. A more highly charged object will have a larger electrostatic force? effect on nearby charges. Also, the closer that object (Activity 9) gets to nearby charges, the larger effect it will have. What effect does an Electric felds are a result of electric charges. Charges electric charge have can be either negative or positive. Two electric charges on the space around with the same charge will repel each other, whereas it? (Activity 10) two electric charges with opposite charge will attract each other. Like gravity and magnetism, electric felds also store potential energy. Gravity, How can How can the Moon 11 PS2-3 Engineers can use electric felds in the hover transporter magnetism, engineers solve transporter use an PS3-2 design in a manner similar to the magnetic hover electricity, and problems using electric feld? ETS1-2 transporter. Electric charges can be built up on the electromagnetism electric felds? (Activity 11) transporter and track, which provides an electrostatic ETS1-3 are used in force that balances the force of gravity. By testing ETS1-4 designed systems. and manipulating the charge on the transporter and track, the transporter’s design can be optimized. If the repulsion gets strong enough, charges can actually be forced off of the charged object, causing discharge. This is one of the reasons why electric felds are not as practical as magnetic felds in this application. A feld, such as a magnetic feld, can be mapped using tools that sense a feld’s direction and/or strength. For instance, a compass placed in a magnetic feld will point in the direction of the feld at that location. FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS INTERACTIONS AND FIELDS PHENOMENA, DRIVING QUESTIONS AND STORYLINE AND QUESTIONS DRIVING PHENOMENA, Storyline/Flow Driving Guiding Phenomenon Activities PE (How an activity leads to Questions Questions subsequent activities) Metals that are How are electric What is the 12, 13, 14 PS2-3 Since electric felds can cause electric charges to move, not magnetic can felds and relationship PS2-5 electric felds can cause charges to move through wires be affected by magnetic felds between electric and ETS1-4 to make electric current. As electric current moves moving magnets, related? magnetic felds? through a wire, a magnetic feld is produced around and moving (Activity 12) the wire. Likewise, if a magnetic feld is moved near a charges can wire, electric charges start to move, creating electric generate magnetic current. This relationship between electric current and felds. magnetism allows for the creation of electromagnets. (continued) How can an Electromagnets create a magnetic feld only when electromagnet be there is an electric current fowing. Unlike permanent used to design magnets, electromagnets can have their magnetic a rescue device? feld turned on and off. This is a useful property used (Activity 13) by engineers for all types of design tasks. A stronger electromagnet can be built by winding coils with a high number of turns of wire per length of coil and/or increasing the current through the wire. How do electric It is because of the relationship between magnetism and electromagnetic and electricity that scientists often refer to an felds work? “electromagnetic feld” instead of the separate (Activity 14) magnetic and electric felds. This larger, more- encompassing feld interacts with both magnetic and electric felds and shares properties with each. Electromagnetic felds are used in many devices and FIELDS FIELDS AND INTERACTIONS products that we use every day. In fact, a certain type of transportation, known as magnetic levitation, uses electromagnetism to hover trains above their track and CORE NGSS AND COMMON move them at high speeds along the track all while in a gravitational feld.