© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contributors Ahmed Abdel Meguid, Syracuse University Meir M. Bar-Asher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ash‘aris; free will; human nature; prophecy Druze As‘ad AbuKhalil, California State University,­Stanislaus Michael Barry, Princeton University Lebanon Afghanistan Camilla Adang, Tel Aviv University Abbas Barzegar, Georgia State University Ibn Hazm ayatollah; commanding right and forbidding Asma Afsaruddin, Indiana­University wrong; source of emulation; al-Zawahiri, Ayman martyrdom Shahzad Bashir, Stanford University Ahmed Afzaal, Concordia College messianism nonviolence Orit Bashkin, University of Chicago Irfan Ahmad, Monash University (Australia) ‘Abd al- Raziq, ‘Ali Aligarh; Jama‘at- i Islami; Mawdudi, Abul al- A‘la; Sayyid Ahmad Mangol Bayat, Independent scholar Khan al- Afghani, Jamal al-Din Sadaf Ahmad, Lahore University of Management Sciences (Pakistan) Amira K. Bennison, University of Cambridge veil Algeria; Berbers; Morocco; North Africa Farish Ahmad- Noor, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)­ Lindsay J. Benstead, University of Michigan and­Erasmus­Universias­Muhamadiyah­Surakarta,­Yogjarta­(Indonesia) parliament Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Herbert Berg, University of North Carolina,­Wilmington Rafiuddin hmed,A Elmira College Muhammad, Elijah; Nation of Islam Bangladesh Jonathan P. Berkey, Davidson College Shahrough Akhavi, University of South Carolina madrasa communism; guardianship of the jurist; socialism Michal Biran, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mehmetcan Akpinar, University of Chicago Transoxiana Mawardi Khalid Yahya Blankinship, Temple University Omar Alí-de Unzaga, Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) Malik b. Anas; obedience; al-Shaybani, Muhammad b. al-Hasan Brethren of Purity Antoine Borrut, University of Maryland Adel Allouche,­Yale­University ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al- ‘Aziz Tunisia John Bowen, Washington University in Saint Louis Sean W. Anthony, University of Oregon West, the ‘Ali b. Abi Talib; Hasan b. ‘Ali; ‘Umar b. al-Khattab; ‘Uthman b. Gerhard Bowering, Yale University ‘Affan Egypt (coauthor); Muhammad; Qur’an; Syria Zayde Antrim, Trinity College (Connecticut) James Broucek, Florida State University Jerusalem; Mecca and Medina mufti/grand mufti Christopher Anzalone, McGill University Jonathan A. C. Brown, University of Washington propaganda hadith Saïd Amir Arjomand, Stony Brook University Rainer Brunner, University of Freiburg (Germany) absolutism; monarchy; patrimonial state; al- Sadr, Muhammad Baqir Europe; Karbala; Rightly Guided Caliphate J. C. Arsenault, University of Pennsylvania Richard W. Bulliet, Columbia University community; culture conversion Mushegh Asatryan, Yale University Heribert Busse, University of Kiel (Germany) ‘Alawis Buyids Fakhreddin Azimi, University of Connecticut Alexander Caeiro, Erlangen­Centre­for­Islam­and­Law­in­Europe Iran minorities, jurisprudence of Kathryn Babayan, University of Michigan Yousef Casewit, Yale University Isma‘il I Zahiris Irit Back, Tel Aviv University Shaojin Chai, University of Notre Dame East Africa; Ethiopia and Eritrea Uighurs Roswitha Badry, University of Freiburg (Germany) Ayesha S. Chaudhry,­University­of­British­Columbia consultation women xxix © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contributors Julia Clancy- Smith, University of Arizona Bernard K. Freamon, Seton Hall University ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza’iri slavery David Cook, Rice University Yohanan Friedmann, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Mahdi Ahmadis; Ahmad Sirhindi; minorities Michael Cook, Princeton University Patrick D. Gaffney, University of Notre Dame freedom al- Gama‘a al-Islamiyya; mosque; preaching; pulpit Michael Cooperson, University of California,­Los­Angeles Moshe Gammer, Tel Aviv University Baghdad; Ma’mun; Thousand and One Nights Shamil Robert D. Crews, Stanford University Behrooz Ghamari- Tabrizi,­University­of­Illinois,­Urbana-­Champaign Central Asia; imperialism Westernization Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton,­NJ) Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, Reed College clients; philosophy; Quraysh; sunna; traditional political thought; North America usurper Dru C. Gladney, Pomona College Farhad Daftary, Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) China Aga Khan; Fatimids; Nizaris; Qarmatians Robert Gleave, University of Exeter (England) Hans Daiber,­Frankfurt­University­(Germany) Friday prayer; Shi‘ism philosopher- king Andreas Görke, University of Basel (Switzerland) Stephen F. Dale, Ohio State University taxation Babur, Zahir al- Din Frank Griffel, Yale University Linda Darling, University of Arizona apostasy; excommunication; natural law Ottomans Sebastian Günther, University of Toronto Lara Deeb, Scripps College education Amal; Hizbullah Li Guo, University of Notre Dame John Donohue, Saint Joseph University (Lebanon) Mamluks Beirut; Jordan Joseph Hammond, Independent­scholar Phil Dorroll, Emory University anarchism; ethnicity holy places Andras Hamori, Princeton University Racha El Omari, University of California,­Santa­Barbara Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ theology Dyala Hamzah, Zentrum Moderner Orient (Germany) Sarah Eltantawi, Harvard University Rida, Muhammad Rashid Nigeria M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Princeton University Yanis Eshots, University of Latvia Abdülhamid II; Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal; Tanizmat; Turkey; Young city (philosophical); al-Farabi, Abu Nasr; Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali Roxanne L. Euben, Wellesley College Turks Nicholas G. Harris, University of Pennsylvania fundamentalism Mohammad Fadel, University of Toronto censorship; punishment; treason Jan- Peter Hartung, University of London—­School­of­Oriental­and­ arbitration; collective obligations; contracts; judicial courts Khaled Fahmy, New York University African­Studies Muhammad ‘Ali India Schirin H. Fathi, University of Hamburg (Germany) Nader Hashemi, University of Denver Shari‘ati, ‘Ali sovereignty Maribel Fierro, Center of Human and Social Sciences of the Consejo Sohail H. Hashmi, Mount Holyoke College Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,­Madrid abodes of Islam, war, and truce; diplomacy; rebellion Almohads; Almoravids; heresy and innovation; Ibn Tumart; Spain Jane Hathaway, Ohio State University and Portugal (Andalus) household Melissa Finn, York University (Canada) Bernard Haykel, New York University asylum; revolutions Ibn ‘Abd al- Wahhab, Muhammad; Salafis; Saudi Arabia; al- Cornell H. Fleischer, University of Chicago Shawkani, Muhammad b. ‘Ali; Yemen Süleiman the Magnificent (coauthor) Paul L. Heck, Georgetown University Finbarr Barry Flood, New York University Abu Yusuf; advice; Bin Laden, Osama; bureaucracy; knowledge; Ghurids Mulla ‘Umar Kathleen Foody, University of North Carolina,­Chapel­Hill Robert W. Hefner, Boston University utopia Indonesia; Malaysia xxx © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Contributors Thomas Hegghammer,­Norwegian­Defence­Research­Establishment­ John Kelsay, Florida State University (Norway) and New York University Center on Law and Security jihad suicide; terrorism Khaled M. G. Keshk, DePaul University Jocelyn Hendrickson, Whitman College Mu‘awiya fatwa; hijra Nancy Khalek, Brown University Marcia Hermansen, Loyola University Chicago notables Shah Waliullah Etan Kohlberg, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmund Herzig, University of Manchester (England) Ja‘far al- Sadiq Safavids Gudrun Krämer, Free University of Berlin (Germany) Carole Hillenbrand, University of Edinburgh al-Banna, Hasan; pluralism and tolerance Crusades Sunil Kumar, Delhi University (India) Nathan Hofer, University of Missouri Delhi; Delhi Sultanate brotherhoods; shaykh, pīr Mirjam Künkler, Princeton University David Hollenberg, James Madison University democracy; theocracy Isma‘ilis Timur Kuran, Duke University Russell Hopley, Bowdoin College economic theory; public opinion leadership Charles Kurzman, University of North Carolina,­Chapel­Hill Steve Howard, Ohio University liberalism; modernism Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed Michael Laffan, Princeton University Murad Idris, University of Pennsylvania Southeast Asia Islamization; masses Ella Landau- Tasseron, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Matthew B. Ingalls, University­of­Puget­Sound alliances; Umayyads Tablighi Jama‘at; vizier Christian Lange, Utrecht University (Netherlands) Brannon Ingram, University of North Carolina,­Chapel­Hill privacy Zia- ul- Haq Henri Lauziere, Northwestern University Roy Jackson, University of Gloucestershire (England) secularism authority Todd Lawson, University of Toronto Sherman A. Jackson, University of Michigan apocalypse al- Qarafi, Shihab al- Din Marnia Lazreg, The City University of New York,­Hunter­College Tariq Jaffer, Boston University torture Murji’is; al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din Michael Lecker, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Johannes J. G. Jansen, Leiden University (Netherlands) Constitution of Medina Faraj, Muhammad ‘Abd al- Salam Amalia Levanoni, University of Haifa (Israel) Maher Jarrar, American University of Beirut Ibn Jama‘a Qadaris Milka Levy- Rubin, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Masoud Jafari Jazi, Teacher Training University,­Tehran­(Iran) Treaty of ‘Umar Jalal Al- i Ahmad Keith Lewinstein, Bridgewater State University