NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: A TRANSLATION INSIGHT INTO THE SCIENTIFIC TEXTBOOK MASTER’S DISSERTATION ON MEDICAL TRANSLATION PRACTICE MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN TRADUCCIÓN MÉDICO-SANITARIA (2017/2018) Esther Andrés Caballo Supervisors: Dr. Laura Carasusán Senosiáin (Universitat Jaume I) Dr. Rocío Baños-Piñero (CenTraS-UCL) Acknowledgments This dissertation would have not been possible but for the support of many people. In the first place, I am particularly grateful to the Master’s faculty at UJI who gave me the insight and educational input into the medical translation that is needed for competence and subject-knowledge acquisition to enter into this profession. I would like to thank them all personally since I have most learnt from their lectures, feedback on my translation work, and recommendations during the master’s course of studies. Secondly, I am extremely grateful to the Erasmus+ Master Exchange Programme, whereby a Higher Education Learning Agreement for Studies was signed by and between Universitat Jaume I (Spain) and University College London (UK), which gave me the great opportunity of a five-month stay at University College London. In this prestigious university, particularly in the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), I have done my translation practice on-line, conducted my research and written down this dissertation, while making full employ of the numberless resources available at the Main and Science Libraries and the Institute of Physiology at UCL. I highly appreciate the welcoming and availability of CenTraS’ administrators and teaching staff, and specially, the priceless support of my dissertation supervisor. Thirdly, I must acknowledge the wisdom of the masters, and devotedly thank Dr. Ignacio Navascués and their team, Dr. Fernando Navarro, and Dr. Vincent Montalt, and my dissertation supervisor at UJI, Dr. Laura Carasusán. Not only have they fostered and greatly enriched my capacities and aptitudes as a specialised translator in the health and biomedical field, but also given me sound advice and positive feedback for my future career. Finally, I am profoundly and heartily grateful to my media naranja, as the saying goes in Spanish, for he has always believed in my potential as a professional freelance medical translator and always provided a wholehearted and generous support. ii Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 MEDICALTRANSLATION AS COMMUNICATIVE SERVICE. THE TRANSLATOR’S ROLE AND COMPETENCES. THE TRANSLATION ASSIGNMENT AND BRIEF. ........................................................................................ 8 1.2 THE SCIENTIFIC TEXTBOOK AS MEDICAL TRANSCULTURAL GENRE ....................................................... 16 1.3 KNOWLEDGE FIELD OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: AN OUTLINE OF TRANSLATED TOPICS ................................ 30 1.4 TERMINOLOGY AND PHRASEOLOGY ON NEUROSCIENCE....................................................................... 31 2 TRANSLATION AS A PRODUCT: SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXT ...................................... 34 2.1 TEXT FRAGMENTS IN CHAPTER 8 ........................................................................................................ 35 2.2 FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... 49 2.3 TABLES............................................................................................................................................. 57 2.4 RUNNING PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................... 59 3 TRANSLATION AS A PROCESS: THE TRANSLATOR AT WORK ................................................ 61 3.1 THE TRANSLATION PROCESS. DRAFTING METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 61 3.2 TRANSLATION PROBLEM CATEGORIES AND SOLVING STRATEGIES ........................................................ 66 3.2.1 Pragmatic Translation Problems ................................................................................................. 69 3.2.2 Intercultural Translation Problems .............................................................................................. 78 3.2.3 Cognitive Translation Problems ................................................................................................... 80 3.2.3.1 Terminological Problems of Translation .............................................................................................81 3.2.4 Interlingual Translation Problems ............................................................................................. 101 3.2.5 Text-Specific Translation Problems ............................................................................................ 110 4 TERM GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................. 118 5 CORPORA AD HOC: COMPARABLE TEXTS IN SL AND TL ....................................................... 153 5.1 PARALLEL TEXTS IN SOURCE LANGUAGE .......................................................................................... 154 5.2 PARALLEL TEXTS IN TARGET LANGUAGE .......................................................................................... 154 6 RESOURCES AND TOOLS ................................................................................................................. 155 6.1 LEXICOGRAPHIC RESOURCES ........................................................................................................... 155 6.2 ENCYCLOPAEDIC RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 155 6.3 SUBJECT-KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 156 7 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 159 iii Abbreviations ENGLISH ABBREVIATIONS LO: learning outcome SC: source culture SL: Source language ST: Source Text TC: target culture TL: target language TT: target text SPANISH ABBREVIATIONS OA: objetivo de aprendizaje Abbreviations indicating references consists of the initial of the dictionary’s, the glossary’s or the book’s name, and it is followed by the citation when appropriate. AMA: Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy (Bergman, Afifi and Heidger, 2018) BVS: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Terminología DeCS/MeSH, BIREME, OPS. CAN: Color atlas of neuroscience: neuroanatomy and neurophysiology (Greenstein and Greenstein, 2000). CMD: Churchill’s Medical Dictionary (Churchill Livingstone, 1989) DCM: Stedman Bilingüe. Diccionario de ciencias Médicas: inglés- español, español-inglés (Beatty, 2006). DITM: Diccionario Ilustrado de Términos Médicos (Instituto Químico Biológico, 2004). DMBHE: Diccionario médico-biológico, histórico y etimológico (Cortés Gabaudan, Francisco (coord.) and Jesús Ureña Bracero). DTM: Diccionario de Términos Médicos (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, 2012). GKBST: A Glossary of Key Brain Science Terms (The Dana Foundation, 2016). GNST: Glossary of Neurosurgical Terminology (American Association of Neurological Surgeons [AANS], 2018). iv GNT: Glossary of Neuroscience Terms (The BrainU™ project, 2018). GNTE: Glossary of Neuroanatomical Terms and Eponyms (Kiernan, 2008). LND: NINDS list of neurological disorders (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). MWMD: Medical Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2018.) ND: Neural Definitions (Krantz, 2010). THB: The Human Brain: Essentials of Behavioural Neuroscience (Jackson, 2000). TMPH: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (Guyton and Hall, 2006). v List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Estimation of system of genres used in academic scientific interaction (author’s creation) ............. 18 Table 2. Proposal of genre family for the genre scientific textbook (author’s creation) .................................. 21 Table 3. Contextual focus of exposition text-type in ST and TT (author’s creation) ...................................... 23 Table 4. Generic functional pattern and moves of scientific textbook in ST and TT (author’s creation) ...... 29 Table 5. Determinologisation procedures regarding terminological units (author’s creation) ....................... 33 Figure 1. The translator’s TXLF editor in Wordfast Pro 5 ............................................................................. 34 Table 6. Drafting methodological factors in the translation process (author’s creation) ................................ 66 Table 7. Translation strategy in figure wording and labelling (author’s creation) ......................................... 70 Table 8. Translation strategy in titling (author’s creation) ............................................................................. 71 Table 9. Translation strategy in bracketed referencing (author’s creation) ................................................... 72 Table 10. Translation strategy in parenthetical referencing (author’s creation) ............................................ 72 Figure 2. Bloom’s taxonomy............................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 3. Verb wheel in spanish based on Bloom’s Taxonomy.......................................................................