Wai 1130 # A57 - 3 FEB 2006 Ministry of J'ustice WELLINGTON Contextual Material on Maori and Socio-Economic Issues in the National Park Inquiry District, 1890 - 1990: A Scoping Report Leanne Boulton February 2006 Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the National Park District Inquiry (Wai 1130) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................7 1. AUTHOR .......................................................................................................................................7 2. THE COMMISSION .......................................................................................................................7 3. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................8 A) GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE OF THE REPORT ..............................................................................8 B) SOURCES AND SCOPING TECHNIQUE ...........................................................................................9 C) STATISTICAL RESEARCH ..............................................................................................................9 4. CLAIMANT ISSUES .....................................................................................................................10 4.1. GENERAL PREJUDICE SUFFERED .............................................................................................10 4.2. ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES.....................................................................................................10 4.3. LIVING STANDARDS AND SOCIAL SERVICES ...........................................................................14 5. STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT...................................................................................................15 PART 1: MAORI POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ..................................18 1.1 MAORI SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN AND AROUND THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT........................................................................................................................................19 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................19 1.1.2 SOURCES FOR IDENTIFYING SETTLEMENTS AND TOWNSHIPS ...............................................19 1.1.3 SOURCES DISCUSSING FACTORS INFLUENCING MAORI SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ................23 1.1.4 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................25 1.2 MAORI POPULATION TRENDS FOR THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT ...................25 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................25 1.2.2 NATIONAL TRENDS IN MAORI POPULATION .........................................................................26 1.2.3 MAORI POPULATION WITHIN THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT...............................26 1.2.4 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................42 PART 2: ECONOMIC AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MAORI ..............44 2.1 CUSTOMARY RESOURCE USE.................................................................................................45 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................45 3 2.1.2 IDENTIFYING CUSTOMARY RESOURCES AND THEIR USE IN THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT, 1890 - 1990....................................................................................................................45 2.1.3 THE IMPACT OF CROWN REGULATION ON CUSTOMARY RESOURCES USE IN THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT, 1890 - 1900...........................................................................................50 2.1.4 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................52 2.2 FARMING..................................................................................................................................53 2.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................53 2.2.2 MAORI HORTICULTURE .........................................................................................................53 2.2.3 MAORI SHEEP FARMING.........................................................................................................61 2.2.4 MAORI WAGE LABOURING ON FARMS IN THE REGION .........................................................68 2.2.5 DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES & FARM SETTLEMENTS................................................................70 2.2.6 FLAX MILLING.......................................................................................................................70 2.2.7 DAIRY FARMING....................................................................................................................71 2.2.8 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................71 2.3 FORESTRY................................................................................................................................72 2.3.1 INDIGENOUS TIMBER FORESTRY ...........................................................................................72 2.3.2 TIMBER MILLING IN STATE FORESTS ....................................................................................76 2.3.3 EXOTIC PLANTATION FORESTRY ON MAORI LAND...............................................................78 2.3.4 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................78 2.4 TOURISM..................................................................................................................................88 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................88 2.4.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN THE NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT....................88 2.4.3 MAORI INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM IN NEW ZEALAND.........................................................89 2.4.4 MAORI INVOLVEMENT IN TOURISM IN THE INQUIRY DISTRICT.............................................90 2.4.5 MAORI TOURISM VENTURES IN THE INQUIRY DISTRICT.......................................................91 2.4.6 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................94 2.5 HYDRO-ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................................97 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................97 2.5.2 TONGARIRO POWER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME: LOCATION, SCOPE AND DURATION.............97 2.5.3 EMPLOYMENT IN TURANGI DURING AND AFTER THE TONGARIRO POWER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME ..........................................................................................................................................97 2.5.4 CROWN ASSISTANCE TO UNEMPLOYED TONGARIRO DEVELOPMENT SCHEME WORKERS ..98 2.5.5 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................99 4 2.6 OTHER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES................................................................................99 2.6.1 PUBLIC WORKS - CONSTRUCTING ROADS AND OTHER STRUCTURES ...................................99 2.6.2 RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.......................................................................100 2.6.3 DEER, OPOSSUM AND WILD HORSE CAPTURE ....................................................................100 2.6.4 OTHER SMALL TOWN JOB OPPORTUNITIES.........................................................................100 2.6.5 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................101 PART 3: LIVING STANDARDS AND SOCIAL SERVICES ...............................................103 3.1 MAORI EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME LEVELS .....................................................................104 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................104 3.1.2 MAORI EMPLOYMENT TRENDS IN NEW ZEALAND..............................................................104 3.1.3 MAORI EMPLOYMENT TRENDS IN NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT ............................106 3.1.4 MAORI INCOME TRENDS IN NEW ZEALAND ........................................................................108 3.1.5 MAORI INCOME TRENDS IN NATIONAL PARK INQUIRY DISTRICT ......................................109 3.1.6 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................110 3.2 STATE WELFARE BENEFITS AND MAORI ............................................................................111 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................111 3.2.2 SOCIAL WELFARE AND MAORI IN NEW ZEALAND ..............................................................111