NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ The Lone Star State Lesson 3: The U.S.-Mexican War ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why does conflict develop? Terms to Know reparation payment for damages and suffering envoy a person who is sent by one government to represent it in dealing with another government revise to change a text armistice a temporary end to fighting abandon to leave and never return Where in the world? Mexican victory U.S. victory 40°N Mexican forces U.S. forces Mexican Cession San Francisco Mexican Monterey Cession (July 7, 1846) UNITED STATES Los Angeles Disputed with San Diego San Pascual Mexico (Dec. 6, 1846) Doña Ana 30°N El Brazito ATLANTIC (Dec. 25, 1846) R io OCEAN G Texas N r a u n e d c e e San Antonio New Orleans s Sacramento R. (Feb. 28, 1847) Monterrey N 120°W (Sept. 21–24, Corpus Christi 1846) PACIFIC Buena Vista W E (Feb. 22–23, 1847) OCEAN Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma S Saltillo Matamoros (May 8–9, 1846) Mazatlán Gulf of 20°N Tampico Mexico MEXICO 0 400 miles Mexico City 0 400 kilometers (Sept. 13, 1847) Albers Equal-Area projection Veracruz Cerro Gordo (Mar. 29, 1847) 110°W (Apr. 17–18, 1847) 90°W 80°W Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright Reading Essentials and Study Guide 193 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ The Lone Star State Lesson 3: The U.S.-Mexican War, continued Causes of the War Defining Guiding Question What disagreements and negotiations led up to 1. What are reparations? the U.S.-Mexican war? Texas’s annexation strained relations between the United States and Mexico. Mexico disputed the southern border of Texas. Texas and the United States maintained that it was at the Rio Grande. Mexico said it was at the Nueces River. Both nations claimed the Marking the Text land between the two rivers. The United States also demanded 2. Highlight the sentences that Mexico pay reparations, or payments, to Americans for that explain the deal damages before and during the Texas Revolution. Mexico refused. President Polk wanted In 1845 President James K. Polk sent John Slidell as a secret Slidell to make with envoy, or representative of the U.S. government, to Mexico. He Mexico. wanted Slidell to purchase the disputed territory between the rivers and the area that is now California, Arizona, and New Explaining Mexico. Slidell was to settle any reparations claims, too. Slidell 3. Why did Mexican was to offer Mexico $30 million for the land. President Herrera react Mexican president José Joaquín de Herrera feared that giving to the Slidell mission as up anything to the United States would make him seem weak and he did? cost him the support of his people. Herrera and Mexican officials refused to meet with Slidell. Polk viewed the refusal to meet as an insult. He ordered General Zachary Taylor, the commander of the U.S. forces in Texas, to cross the Nueces River and camp near the Rio Grande. The Mexican government Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright viewed the crossing of the Nueces by General Taylor’s troops as an invasion. Soon after, on April 25, 1846, Mexican troops attacked Reading some of Taylor’s soldiers. Sixteen Americans were killed or injured. Progress Check On May 9, 1846, Polk was preparing a declaration of war against Mexico to present to Congress. It was to be based on Mexico’s 4. What Mexican action failure to pay the reparations. Then Polk learned about the Mexican angered President Polk? attack on what he saw as U.S. land. He could now make that the reason for war. War and Its Aftermath Guiding Question What did Texas and the United States gain as a Marking the Text result of the U.S.-Mexican War? 5. Highlight the sentence Polk quickly revised, or changed, the war declaration he had been that tells how Congress preparing. After he delivered it to Congress on May 11, 1846, the reacted to Polk’s U.S. Congress overwhelmingly approved the declaration of war on declaration of war. May 13, 1846. On May 8 and 9, General Taylor won battles at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, north of the Rio Grande. Then he led his army to Mexico. 194 Reading Essentials and Study Guide NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ The Lone Star State Lesson 3: The U.S.-Mexican War, continued Along with regular U.S. Army troops, Taylor had many Texas volunteers. More than 5,000 Texans fought in the U.S.-Mexican Explaining War. Governor J. Pinckney Henderson took a leave of absence to command Texas troops. Several companies of Texas Rangers 6. What was the role of assisted him. Texans in the war? Women also took part in the war. Sarah Borginnis, who followed her husband on the march, helped the troops by cooking, washing, and dressing wounds. She showed bravery during battle by loading cartridges and carrying wounded soldiers from the battlefield. Identifying Taylor won the Battle of Monterrey in September 1846. He and the Mexican commander there agreed to an armistice, or a temporary 7. What was the last end to fighting. President Polk told the army to continue its invasion battle of the U.S.- of Mexico. Taylor then advanced to Saltillo. Meanwhile, a small Mexican War and what army took control of Santa Fe before heading south into Mexico. was the outcome? Another American force seized cities in California. In February 1847, General Santa Anna, who had returned to power, attacked Taylor’s forces. The two armies clashed in the Battle of Buena Vista. The Americans won. American troops next invaded Mexico from the Gulf of Mexico. A large force landed at Veracruz. Santa Anna marched thousands of soldiers to meet the invaders. The two forces met in the Battle Marking the of Cerro Gordo on April 17–18, 1847. The Americans won, and the Text Mexican army retreated to Mexico City. 8. Circle the conditions The last major battle came on September 12–13, 1847. The Battle of that Mexico had to meet Chapultepec Castle was fought at a fort that protected Mexico City. as part of the Treaty of American soldiers overran the fort. That night Santa Anna and his Guadalupe Hidalgo. remaining troops abandoned, or left, Mexico City. Soon after, American forces marched into the city. Identifying On February 2, 1848, both governments signed a peace treaty Central Issues at Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwad•ah•LOO•pay ee•DAHL•goh). The treaty 9. What did the treaty ended the war. promise Mexicans who were living in territory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that became part of Mexico agreed to: United States agreed to: the United States? • Give up all claims to Texas • Pay Mexico $15 million • Accept the Rio Grande as • Pay reparations up to $3.25 million the border owed to U.S. citizens by Mexico • Give all territory between • Guarantee rights to Mexicans Texas and the Pacific living in the U.S.; they would have Ocean to the United States a year to become U.S. citizens Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright Reading Essentials and Study Guide 195 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ The Lone Star State Lesson 3: The U.S.-Mexican War, continued The new territory became known as the Mexican Cession. It raised Reading political issues in Texas and the United States. Southerners wanted Progress Check the new territories open to slavery. Many Northerners objected to that. There was also a question of the Texas border with New Mexico. 10. How did the Pearce Texas claimed about half of what is now New Mexico. However, the Plan and the Gadsden people there did not want to be part of Texas. Also, many Northerners Purchase establish the feared that Texans would introduce slavery into the area. boundaries of Texas After much debate, Congress worked out the Compromise of and the United States? 1850. It said that California would be admitted as a free, or non- slave, state. The voters in the remaining parts of the Mexican Cession could decide about slavery for themselves. The Pearce Plan was part of the Compromise. In this plan, Texas agreed to give up claims to New Mexico for $10 million to pay off its public debt. In 1852 Franklin Pierce was elected U.S. president. He arranged the purchase of a small section of Mexican land at the southern border of New Mexico and Arizona. James Gadsden, the U.S. minister to Mexico, carried out the deal. The United States paid $10 million for the area known as the Gadsden Purchase. The purchase set the border between the United States and Mexico. Writing Check for Understanding Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright 1. Expository What was U.S. President Polk’s original reason for war with Mexico? What was the final reason? 2. Expository What political issues did the Mexican Cession cause for the United States and Texas? 196 Reading Essentials and Study Guide .