GLOBAL INDEX OF PROSPERITY INDEX ECONOMIC OPENNESS Pathway to Prosperity Zimbabwe Case Study Part I: Inclusive Societies 2021 CREATING THE PATHWAYS FROM POVERTY TO PROSPERITY ABOUT THE LEGATUM INSTITUTE The Legatum Institute is a London-based think-tank with a bold vision to create a global movement of people committed to creating the pathways from poverty to prosperity and the transformation of society. We seek to do this by raising up leaders of character, restoring an ethical vitality to all sectors of society, and developing the practical solutions and data tools that will help build inclusive and peaceful societies with open economies and empowered people. • Our Centre for Metrics creates indexes and datasets to measure and explain how poverty and prosperity are changing. • Our Research Programmes analyse the many complex drivers of poverty and prosperity at the local, national and global level. • Our Practical Programmes identify the actions required to enable transformational change. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Stephen Brien is Director of Policy at the Legatum Institute. Preksha Dugar is a Research Analyst at the Legatum Institute. Daniel Herring is a Senior Analyst at the Legatum Institute. Ed King is a Research Analyst at the Legatum Institute. Carlos Montes is a Fellow at the Legatum Institute. Alistair Morrison is a Fellow at the Legatum Institute. The authors would also like to thank Ernest Moyo and Rebecca Mwabvu, both of the Higher Life Foundation, for their contribution to this work. The views expressed in this report are those of the Legatum Institute and do not necessarily reflect those of HLF. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A diverse range of experts were engaged in this work. This broad collaboration enabled a comprehensive range of views which the Legatum Institute captured and synthesised. The views expressed in this report, therefore, are those of the Legatum Institute and do not necessarily reflect the individual views of these advisors. The Legatum Institute would like to thank the following advisors who helped with the report: Victor Bhoroma (Economic analyst), Tafadzwa Chikumbu (Transparency International Zimbabwe), Admos Chimhowu (University of Manchester), Wellington Chimwaradze (Unilever), Innocent Chirisa (University of Zimbabwe), Ben Freeth (Mike Campbell Foundation), Evelyn Garwe (Zimbabwean Council of Higher Education), Keith Jefferis (International Growth Centre), Talent Jumo (Katswe Sistahood Foundation), Susan Kaksukunya (DHL Zimbabwe), Godfrey Kanyenze (Labour and Economic Development Research Institute), Gibbs Kanyongo (Duquesne University, Pittsburgh), R. Mukami Kariuki (Country Manager, The World Bank Group), Tendai Jeremiah Malunga (Bureau Veritas), Portia Manangazira (Ministry of Health and Social Care), Jeanette Manjengwa (University of Zimbabwe), Godfrey Maringira (University of Edinburgh), Abedinigo Marufu (Zimbabwe Forestry Commission), Abraham Matamanda (University of the Free State), Vakai Matutu (National Aids Council), Alexander Maune (UNISA), Evan Mawarire (ThisFlag Citizen’s Movement), Grasian Mkodzongi (University of Cape Town), Jeffrey Moyo (Thomson Reuters Foundation), Bhekinkosi Moyo (Wits University), Chipo Mubaya (Future Africa), Davison Muchadenyika (The World Bank Group), Deprose Muchena (Amnesty International), Rashweat Mukundu (Africa Adviser at International Media), Tichaona Mushayandebvu (UNIDO), Daniel Mususa (Biomedical Research and Training Institute), Patience Mutopo (Chinhoyi University of Technology), Mutanana Ngonidzashe (Zimbabwe Open University), Memory Nguwi (Industrial Psychology Consultants), Walter Odero (AfDB Country Economist), Robin Palmer (Mokoro), Brian Raftopoulos (Solidarity Peace Trust), Craig Richardson (Winston-Salem State University), Paidamoyo Saurombe (Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights), Beatrice Schlee (Freiburg University), Ian Scoones (Institute of Development Studies), Edward Shizha (Wilfrid Laurier University), Sibangani Shumba (Save the Children), Mark Simpson (Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study), Joram Tarusarira (University of Groningen), Jee-A van der Linde (NKC African Economics), Chikwature Whatmore (Mutare Polytechnic), Simon Wittich (World Vision), Janet Zhou (ZIMCODD) The Legatum Institute would particularly like to thank the team at the SIVIO Institute who provided invaluable support and advice throughout the research and drafting process. The Legatum Institute would like to thank the Legatum Foundation for their sponsorship. Learn more about the Legatum Foundation at www.lega- tum.org. ©2021 The Legatum Institute Foundation. All rights reserved. The word ‘Legatum’ and the Legatum charioteer logo are the subjects of trade mark registrations of Legatum Limited. Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no responsibility can be taken for any error or omission contained herein. The Legatum Institute is the working name of the Legatum Institute Foundation, a registered charity (number 1140719), and a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England and Wales (company number 7430903) Cover image: Shutterstock.comm CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 19 Safety and Security ..............................................................................................................25 Personal Freedom .................................................................................................................39 Governance ...........................................................................................................................53 Social Capital .......................................................................................................................... 75 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................87 Appendix .................................................................................................................................90 | 1 2 | Credit (gettyimages.co.uk) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Zimbabwe's history, natural wealth, and the resourcefulness of its people mean it is uniquely positioned to become one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. The key to unlocking this potential lies in large part in capitalising on the skills of the highly educated population and sustainably developing its rich natural resources, as already demonstrated by Zimbabwe's capacity for agriculture and mining. The nation’s prosperity is best underpinned by an inclusive society, where formal and informal institutions serve the public good. The pathway to prosperity will be most effective under stewardship of a state that acts as an enabler of political rights, personal freedoms and safety and security, in order to facilitate economic growth and social wellbeing. The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed assessment of Zimbabwe's formal and informal institutions and policies in oder to identify the binding constraints to future development as well as the actions that could enable the nation to progress towards prosperity. This is the first of three reports that are structured around the domains of the Legatum Prosperity IndexTM. It focuses on the Inclusive Societies domain, which captures the relationship structures that exist within a society, between and among individuals and broader institutions, and the degree to which they either enable or obstruct societal cohesion and collective development. These social and legal institutions are essential to protecting the fundamental freedoms of individuals, and their ability to flourish. In an inclusive society: • People live in peace, free from the threat of violence, oppression, and crime. • Everyone’s inherent dignity is respected, and freedom of speech and assembly are protected. • Governing institutions act with integrity, are accountable to citizens, and are subject to the rule of law. • Stable families and supportive communities build the bonds of trust needed for society to flourish. Areas within this domain range from the relationship between the citizen and the state, to the degree to which violence permeates societal norms, the interaction of freedoms of different groups and individuals, and the way in which individuals interact with one another, their communities, institutions, and nations. These issues have been a practical consideration for the majority of modern human experience, as well as a subject of academic study. The report includes recommendations on the type of actions to take to achieve improvements in each of these different elements of the Inclusive Societies domain. However, the report recognises that most of these individual improvements are only possible as part of a more comprehensive reform programme. The report proposes that such a programme could transform Zimbabwe into one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. | 3 SAFETY AND SECURITY (AFRICAN RANK 23RD) In the Legatum Institute's Global Prosperity Index, Zimbabwe ranks 23rd for Safety and Security in Africa, and 106th in the world. While Zimbabwe has managed to contain its civil conflicts, and terrorism, it has struggled with violent crime and politically related terror. A prosperous Zimbabwe is one where citizens can live their lives, knowing they are safe from crime and security risks. Political