BerndKortmann and Kerstin Lunkenheimer lntroduction 1 Backgroundand history of this atlas This atlas offers a large-scaletypological survey of morphoslmtactic variation in the Anglophone world, basedon the analysisof 3OLl and 18indigenized L2varieties of English as well 25 English-basedpidgins and creolesfrom eight different world regions (Africa, Australia, the British Isles, the Caribbean,North America, the Pacific, South and SoutheastAsia and, as the borderline caseof an Anglophone world region, the South Atlantic). It is the outgrowth of a major electronic databaseand open accessresearch tool edited by the present editors in 2Oll (The electronicWord Atlas of Varietiesof English,short: eWAVEThttp://www.ewave- atlas.org/) and is a direct, but far more comprehensivefollow-up of the interactive CD-ROMaccompanying the Mouton de GruyterHandbook of Varietiesof English(Kortmann et al. 2oo4), Whereasthe grammar part of the latter survey was based on 75 morphoslmtacticfeatures in 46 varieties of English and English-based pidgins and creoles worldwide, its successor,the WAVEdatabase (WAVE short for: World Atlas of Vaiation in English),holds information on 235morphosyntactic features in74 datasets, i.e. about five times as much de- tail and information. The idea underlying the design of WAVEwas to createa considerablylarger and more @ fine-graineddatabase and researchtool than back in 20O4,especially one that is less Ll-centred. As a proper atlas should, WAVEis intended to survey and map the morphosyntacticvariation spacein the Anglophone world and to help us explore how much of this variation spaceis made use of in different (clustersof) varieties of English, and to what extent it is possibleto correlatethe structural profiles for indi- vidual and goups of varietieswith, for example, geography,socio-history or generalprocesses of language change,language acquisition and languagecontact. Essentially,WAVE wants to take further the idea of the 2OO4CD-ROM of creating a unified platform and databasewhich allows all membersof the researchcom- o munity to engagein large-scaletypology-style comparisons of the morphosyntacticstructures of the spon- taneousspoken (nonstandard) Englishesaround the world. So eWAVEand the presentvolume can be con- z sidered to be the counterparts of what, on the one hand, the online WALS(The World Atlas of Language StructuresOnline, Dryer and Haspelmath,eds. 2011;http://wals.info) and the print WALS(Haspelmath et al. F 2OO5)have successfullybeen doing together for languagetypology in recent years and what, on the other N hand, the APiCS(Atlas of Pidginand CreoleStructures; Michaelis et al., to appear2Ol3), again both as online FK tool and print publication, will soonbe doing especiallyfor creolists,typologists and researcherson language Eo contact. The parallels pointed to here between WAVE,on the one hand, and the two big atlas proiects de- .N signed and hosted at the Max-PlanckInstitute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig (Germany),on the @.6 ^r other hand, are neither a sign of hubris nor a coincidence:WAVE was designedin part in consultation with E6 SusanneMichaelis and Martin Haspelmath of the MPI and, most importanfly, not only was eWAVEpro- qhFZ Xo grammedby and is it hosted at the MPI, all the maps in the presentvolume havebeen producedby the same 14; person(well, magician rather) who also signedresponsible for all maps in WALSand is currently in chargeof a9 all three maior MPl-hostedinteractive electronic tools (WALSonline, eWAVE,and APiCS),Hans-fiirg Bibiko o- }4F (seeAcknowledgements below). In passing, it may also be noted that a sizable number of contributors to ai ce (including ;> APiCSfor English-basedpidgins and creoles one of the editors,Magnus Huber) have also provided =o the data for WAVEand authored chaptersin the presentvolume. sax =: In the following sectionwe will first give someinformation on the data in WAVE(i.e. details on the choice 5v and classificationof the varietiescovered, the compositionof the featureset, the ratrng system,strengths and weaknessesof the approach chosen)before opening the curtain, after all, in section 3 and telling the reader about the overall structure of this volume and what they can expectto find in the individual chapters.Suffice it to stressat this point already that, although basedon the samedataset, the presentvolume and eWAVEare stand-alonepublications and researchtools, whoseuse in tandemwill definitely be of greatvalue since each 2 - BerndKortmann and Kerstin Lunkenheimer tool can do what the other cannot. The chaptersin the presentvolume are specifically desigaedas keys to seeingbehind all the variation that is (and is not) documentedin eWAVE,both in the 55 chapterson the in- dividual varietiesand pidgin and creolelanguages and, especially,in the 1Osynoptic chapterson larger geo- graphical and typological setsofvarieties. Sufficeit to stress,too, that even though eWAVEclearly replaces the electronic researchtool going with the Handbook of Varietiesof Englishfrom 20O4,the chaptersin the presentvolume do not replace,but rather complement,the chaptersin the Handbookitself, as will be further detailed in section3. 2 Thedata 2.1 Varietiesand variety Upes Table I provides an overview of the varieties, pidgins and creolessampled in WAVE,and their distribution acrossvariety types and world regions.Bold print indicates those data setscovered in one of the 55 descrip- tive chaptersin the presentvolume: Ll (30) L2 (18) P(7)&c(re) Iow-contadLT(70) hlgh-contodLT(20) Brltlsh lsles (11): Orkneyand Shetland E, lrlsh E,Welsh E, taltese Ea BritishCreole u l{orth of England, manxE, 5W of England, Channellsland E SEof England, East Anglaa, Scottish E l{orth America(10): 1{ewfoundlandE, Colloquia[American E, ChicanoE Gutlah AppalachianE, UrbanAfrican Ameri- Ozark E canVernacular E, RuralAfrican American SoutheastAmerican VernacularE, Enclavedialects EarUerAfrican AmericanVernacular E Carlbbean(13): BahamianE JamaicanE famaicanC, BahamianC, BarbadlanC (Baian), BellzeanC, N FF TrinidadianC, Eo Easternmaroon C, .d Sranan, xv Salamaccan, :6 GuyaneseC, Eb\ SanAndres C, EZ U,.n VincentlanC v. Afrlca (16): LlberlanSettler E, GhanaianE, .-.E GhanalanPldgln, Whlte SouthAfrlcan E, l{lgerlan :q E, l{lgerlanPldgln, q2- WhiteZimbabwean E CameroonE, CameroonPidgin, vd KenyanE, Krio, q:..: '64 TanzanianE, VernacularLiberian E *b UgandanE, e5 BlackSouth African E, IndianSouth African E Southand ColloquialSlngapore E IndlanE, ButlerE SoutheastAsia (7): PakistanE, Sri LankaE, HongKong E, talaysian E Introduction- 3 Australia (5):b AborlginalE, TorresStrait C, AustralianE, RoperRiver C (Kriol) AustralianVernacular E Pacific (8):b NewZealand E CotloquiatFiii E, HawaiianC, AcrolectalFiii E Bislama, l{orPk, TokPisin, PalmerstonE South Atlantlc (3):t St. HelenaE, Tristanda Cunha E, Falklandlsland E a Obviously,MaltE is not a Britishlsles variety. lt hasbeen grouped with the British lsles in this table for practical reasons, as it is theonly non-British European variety in our sample, but ofcourse it has not been included in any ofthe calculations forthe British lslesin the regional and typological profiles in this volume. b Australiaand the Pacific have been treated as one region for the purposes ofthe regional profiles (cf. Siegel, this volume). Withonly three varieties, the South Atlantic region is too small to be represented bya regionalprofile. But note that exactly the samethree varieties are also grouped as (lesser-known) varieties of Englishin the South Atlantic in Schreier et al.(2011). Table1: Overview ofthe 74 WAVE varieties by world region and variety type The 74 varieties representedin WAVEhave been categorizedin terms of eight Anglophone world regions b0 and five variety types. Geographically,we distinguish between varieties spoken in the British Isles, North America, the Caribbean,Africa, South and SoutheastAsia, Australia, the Pacific, and the South Atlantic. The typological distinctions are inspired by Trudgill's (2009,2011) suggestion that the 'true typological split' betweendifferent kinds ofvarieties of English involveswhether or not languageor dialect contact has played an important part in their development.For WAVE,we broadly distinguish betweennadve-speaker varieties (Ll), institutionalized second-languagevarieties (L2), and English-basedpidgins and creoles(P/C), with the Ll varieties again divided into traditional dialects (L10 and high-contact Ll varieties (Llc), while in the P/C > group we nominally distinguish between pidgins (P) and creoles (C) (but see the synopsesby Siegel and AgnesSchneider, both in this volume, for discussionsof the relevanceof this distinction). Brief definitions for each type are provided below and more detailed definitions can be found in the electronic version of WAVE q (Kortmann and Lunkenheimer2011). F Low-contacttraditional L1 dialects(LIt) d Traditional, regional non-standard mother-tonguevarieties, e.g. East Anglian English and the dialects FK spokenin the Southwest,the Southeastand the North of England in the British Isles and Newfoundland English, Appalachian English xe and Ozark English in North America. ;-;- High-contactLt varieties(Ltc) E6 This includes (e.g. EZ transplanted Ll Englishesand colonial standards Bahamian English, New Zealand lu) English) as well as language shift varieties (e.g. Irish English) and standard varieties (e.g. colloquial v. ..E American English, colloquial British English). ,EE 9O ..1 ^ 12varieties(L2) VE-.; ;;= Indigenized non-native varieties that have a certain degree of prestige and normative