URBAN METABOLISM OF SIX ASIAN CITIES ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK © 2014 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2014. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-659-5 (Print), 978-92-9254-660-1 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT146817-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Urban Metabolism of Six Asian Cities. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014. 1. Urbanization. 2. Urban Metabolism. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 [email protected] Printed on recycled paper iii Contents 1 Introduction . 1 2 The Urban Metabolism Framework . 3 3 Measuring Urban Metabolism . 5 3.1 Available Statistical Data . .. 5 3.2 A New Streamlined Urban Metabolism Methodology . 5 3.3 Urban Patterns . 9 4 Urban Metabolism of the Six Asian Cities . 11 4.1 Bangalore . .. 11 4.2 Bangkok . 17 4.3 Ho Chi Minh City . 23 4.4 Metro Manila . 29 4.5 Seoul Metropolitan Area . 35 4.6 Shanghai Metropolitan Area . 41 5 Comparative Assessment of the Metropolitan Metabolisms . 47 5.1 Urban Spatial Metrics . 47 5.2 Assessing Urban Material Dependency . 48 5.3 Material Intensity of the Economy . 52 5.4 Typifying Urban Typologie . 54 6 Contributions from Urban Metabolism . 56 7 Conclusions . 60 8 References . 61 9 Appendix. 63 10 Data Sources . 65 iv List of Figures Figure 1 Schematic Representation of Urban Metabolism . 4 Figure 2 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of India and Bangalore, 2000 . 11 Figure 3 Direct Material Input of Bangalore, Disaggregated, 2000 . 12 Figure 4 Waste Production in Bangalore (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 12 Figure 5 Direct Material Input per capita of India and Bangalore, by End use, 2000 . 12 Figure 6 Urban Metabolism of Bangalore, Aggregated, 2000 . 13 Figure 7 Complete Urban metabolism of Bangalore, 2000 . 14 Figure 8 Bangalore Metropolitan Area Land Use . 15 Figure 9 Main Transport Networks in Bangalore Metropolitan Area . 15 Figure 10 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of Thailand and Bangkok, 2000 . 17 Figure 11 Direct Material Input of Bangkok, Disaggregated, 2000 . 18 Figure 12 Waste Production in Bangkok (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 18 Figure 13 Direct Material Input per capita of Thailand and Bangkok, by End use, 2000 . 18 Figure 14 Urban Metabolism of Bangkok, Aggregated, 2000 . 19 Figure 15 Complete Urban metabolism of Bangkok, 2000 . 20 Figure 16 Bangkok Metropolitan Area Land Use . 21 Figure 17 Main Transport Networks in Bangkok Metropolitan Area . 21 Figure 18 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of Viet Nam and Ho Chi Minh City, 2000 . 23 Figure 19 Direct Material Input of Ho Chi Minh City, Disaggregated, 2000 . 24 Figure 20 Waste Production in Ho Chi Minh City (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 24 Figure 21 Direct Material Input per capita of Viet Nam and Ho Chi Minh City, by End use, 2000 . 24 Figure 22 Urban Metabolism of Ho Chi Minh City, Aggregated, 2000 . 25 Figure 23 Complete Urban metabolism of Ho Chi Minh City, 2000 . 26 Figure 24 Ho Chi Minh City Area Land Use . 27 Figure 25 Main Transport Networks in Ho Chi Minh City . 27 Figure 26 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of the Philippines and Metro Manila, 2000. 30 Figure 27 Direct Material Input of Metro Manila, Disaggregated, 2000 . 30 Figure 28 Waste Production in Metro Manila (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 30 Figure 29 Direct Material Input per capita of the Philippines and Metro Manila, by End use, 2000. 30 Figure 30 Urban Metabolism of Metro Manila, Aggregated, 2000. 32 Figure 31 Complete Urban metabolism of Metro Manila, 2000. .. 33 Figure 32 Manila Metropolitan Area Land Use. 33 Figure 33 Main Transport Networks in Manila Metropolitan Area. 35 Figure 34 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of the Republic of Korea and Seoul, 2000. 35 Figure 35 Direct Material Input of Seoul, Disaggregated, 2000. 36 v Figure 36 Waste Production in Seoul (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 36 Figure 37 Direct Material Input per capita of the Republic of Korea and Seoul, by End use, 2000 . 36 Figure 38 Urban Metabolism of Seoul, Aggregated, 2000. 37 Figure 39 Complete Urban metabolism of Seoul, 2000. 38. Figure 40 Seoul Metropolitan Area Land Use. 39 Figure 41 Main Transport Networks in Seoul Metropolitan Area . 39 Figure 42 Domestic Material Consumption per Capita of the People’s Republic of China and Shanghai, 2000 . 41 Figure 43 Direct Material Input of Shanghai, Disaggregated, 2000 . 41 Figure 44 Waste Production in Shanghai (a) by Waste Type in 2000; and (b) in the Following 50 years, Stemming from the Materials Consumed in 2000 . 42 Figure 45 Direct Material Input per Capita of the People’s Republic of China and Shanghai, by End use, 2000 . 42 Figure 46 Urban Metabolism of Shanghai, Aggregated, 2000 . 43 Figure 47 Complete Urban metabolism of Shanghai, 2000 . 44 Figure 48 Shanghai Metropolitan Area Land Use . ..