NASA/TM–2018-219833 Short-Haul Revitalization Study Final Report Ty V. Marien, Kevin R. Antcliff, Mark D. Guynn, and Douglas P. Wells Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Steven J. Schneider and Michael Tong NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio Antonio A. Trani and Nicolas K. Hinze Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia Samuel M. Dollyhigh Analytical Mechanics Associates Inc., Hampton, Virginia May 2018 NASA STI Program . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. advancement of aeronautics and space science. The Collected papers from scientific and technical NASA scientific and technical information (STI) conferences, symposia, seminars, or other program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain meetings sponsored or this important role. co-sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the auspices SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, of the Agency Chief Information Officer. 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Dollyhigh Analytical Mechanics Associates Inc., Hampton, Virginia National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199 May 2018 Acknowledgements Thanks to members of the Short-Haul team and all others who contributed: William Fredericks, Andrea Storch, Jason Welstead, Nick Borer (NASA Langley Research Center), William Haller and John Reynolds (NASA Glenn Research Center). This study was supported by NASA’s Advanced Air Transport Technology project. The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in the report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA STI Program / Mail Stop 148 NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23681-2199 Fax: 757-864-6500 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents......................................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ...............................................................................................................................................................vi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 3. Short-Haul Aircraft Characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.1. Short-Haul Range Characteristics ................................................................................................................ 3 3.2. Runway Length Characteristics for Short-Haul Transport Aircraft ............................................................. 4 3.3. Fuel Efficiency of Short-Haul Transport Aircraft ........................................................................................ 6 3.4. Short-Haul Aircraft Inventory and Evolution .............................................................................................. 7 3.4.1. Turboprop Transports .............................................................................................................................. 7 3.4.2. Turboprop-Only Markets ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.4.3. Regional Jet Transports ......................................................................................................................... 14 4. Short-Haul Aircraft Requirements ....................................................................................................................... 19 4.1. Requirements Development ....................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1. Aircraft Seat Capacity Analysis ............................................................................................................. 19 4.1.2. Cruise Speed and Maximum Range Sensitivities .................................................................................. 25 4.1.3. Short-Haul Aircraft Technical Requirements ........................................................................................ 27 5. Short-Haul Aircraft Design .................................................................................................................................. 28 5.1. Technology Selection ................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2. Hybrid-Electric Architecture ...................................................................................................................... 28 5.3. Mission and Sizing Assumptions ............................................................................................................... 28 5.4. Engine Model Development....................................................................................................................... 29 5.5. Aircraft Model Development ..................................................................................................................... 33 5.5.1. Baseline Technology Model .................................................................................................................. 33 5.5.2. Advanced Technology Model ................................................................................................................ 34 5.6. Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Framework............................................................................................. 34 5.6.1. Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Sizing Procedure ............................................................................................ 34 5.7. Sizing Results ............................................................................................................................................. 38 5.7.1. Energy Specific Air Range of the Hybrid-Electric Concept .................................................................. 40 5.7.2. Additional Sensitivities .......................................................................................................................... 41 5.8. Sizing Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 42 6. Short-Haul Aircraft Cost Analysis ......................................................................................................................