Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 (13 September 2014) William H. Baxter (⽩⼀平) and Laurent Sagart (沙加爾) order: by radical and stroke The following table presents data for almost 5,000 items with Old Chinese reconstructions in the Baxter-Sagart system. Our reconstruction system and supporting arguments and evidence are presented in our book Old Chinese: a new reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014). The columns in the table are as follows: rad the number of the radical of the character (based on the 214 radicals of the Kāngxī zìdiǎn 《康熙字典》). The information on radicals and strokes is taken from the Unihan database (http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html) and has not been independently checked. str the number of additional strokes in the character, apart from the radical (from the Unihan database) zi character (traditional form) py standard pronunciation in pīnyīn romanization MC ASCII-friendly Middle Chinese (MC) transcription. This is a minor modification of the notation used in Baxter (1992); for details see Baxter & Sagart (2014:9–20). For clarity, after each transcribed syllable we give the MC initial, final, and tone separately (with A, B, C, D for the traditional categories 平 píng, 上 shǎng, 去 qù, and 入 rù respectively): e.g. 處 chǔ, MC tsyhoX (tsyh- + -jo + B) ‘place’. Note that this notation is not intended as a reconstruction; rather it is intended as a convenient representation of the information on pronunciation given in Middle Chinese sources such as the Guǎngyùn 《廣韻》 and the Jīngdiǎn shìwén 《經典釋⽂》. OC Old Chinese reconstruction in the Baxter-Sagart system, sometimes with additional comments. If an element is in parentheses, this indicates that we cannot tell from present evidence whether it was there or not; it does not mean there is any positive evidence for its presence: thus the reconstruction *ŋ(r)aj for 宜 yí means that the Old Chinese form could have been either *ŋaj or *ŋraj; it does not mean we have any particular evidence to reconstruct the *-r-. If an element is in square brackets, it means we are uncertain about its identity: thus the reconstruction *pˤra[t]-s for 敗 bài ‘to defeat’ means that the syllable coda was either *-t or something else (in this case, *-p) which would have had the same Middle Chinese reflex as *-t. (For details see Baxter & Sagart 2014:7–8.) A hyphen “-” indicates a morpheme boundary. (We provisionally treat all cases of final *s as morphological suffixes.) Angle brackets around a prevocalic *r indicate that we consider it an infix, usually on the basis of related words without *r: for example, 塊 *[kʰ]ˤ<r>uj-s > khweajH > kuài ‘clod, lump’, also read 塊 *[kʰ]ˤuj-s > khwojH > kuài (same meaning); see Baxter & Sagart (2014:57–58). But the absence of angle brackets does not exclude the possibility that *r might be an infix. Similarly, a period “.” indicates a syllable boundary, but does not exclude the possibility that the syllable boundary might also have been a morpheme boundary. In an earlier release we also included a ‘user-friendly’ notation for our reconstructions in which parenthesized elements and square brackets were omitted, for a more compact and perhaps less confusing appearance. We have decided to discontinue this notation in favor of the present format, which more clearly indicates areas of uncertainty. Some users may wish to produce their own simplified version of the notation for some purposes, but for serious comparative and philological work the full notation should be used (see Baxter & Sagart 2014:379n7). gloss a simple gloss intended for identification only; for accurate information about meanings and grammatical categories, one of the large standard dictionaries should be consulted. GSR the number (with leading zeroes) and letter of the item in Bernhard Karlgren’s Grammata serica recensa (GSR, 1957). Characters not included in GSR are assigned a number corresponding to their phonetic element, followed by a hyphen (e.g., 賭 dǔ ‘to wager’, 0045-, whose phonetic element is GSR 0045a); characters that cannot be assigned to any of the phonetics in GSR are assigned a code “0000-” (e.g., � biān ‘whip’, 0000-) and placed at the beginning of the list. A character may be absent from GSR for several reasons: (1) Karlgren generally excluded characters that did not occur in pre-Qín texts (as far as he knew), although he included some characters from Shuōwén jiězì 《說⽂解字》. (2) He also excluded characters that did occur in pre-Qín documents but had no descendants in the later standard script. (3) He also seems to have excluded characters used only as place names. HYDZD the position of the character in Hànyǔ dà zìdiǎn 《漢語⼤字典》 (1986). This information comes from the Unihan database. Unicode the hexadecimal code of the character in the UTF-16 encoding Additional notes: 1. All data are in UTF-16 encoding (little-endian). The Times New Roman font is used except for the zi column, which uses SimSun (Founder Extended). Newer versions of Times New Roman include all the necessary phonetic symbols, but free Unicode-based phonetics fonts with all the necessary symbols can also be obtained from www.sil.org (e.g. Doulos IPA). For Chinese characters, the Hanazono fonts should also be adequate (http://fonts.jp/hanazono). 2. Not all characters or words included are actually attested in pre-Qín texts. We have explicitly indicated this in many cases, but probably not all. (Often they may be identified by their lack of a regular GSR number.) We have included them for historical interest, often because they occur as early Chinese loans into other languages, or are informative about the history of the Mǐn 閩 dialects. In such cases our reconstructions represent what we believe the Old Chinese pronunciation would have been if they existed in the Old Chinese period. 3. Mandarin pronunciations are based on modern dictionaries and often differ from what we would predict on the basis of Middle Chinese; the modern pronunciations are in many cases artificial, based on anachronistic interpretations of fǎnqiè 反切 spellings, reading characters according to their phonetic element, or other irregular processes. We have not marked such irregularities explicitly. BaxterSagartOCbyRadStr2014-09-20 rad str zi py MC OC gloss GSR HYDZD Unicode 1 0 一 yī 'jit ('- + -jit D) *ʔi[t] one 0394a 10001.01 U+4E00 1 1 丁 dīng teng (t- + -eng A) *tˤeŋ 4th heavenly stem 0833a 10002.05 U+4E01 1 1 丁 dīng teng (t- + -eng A) *tˤeŋ nail (n.) 0833a 10002.05 U+4E01 1 1 丂 kǎo khawX (kh- + -aw B) *C.qʰˤuʔ (Shuōwén; no pre-Qín to sob 1041a 10004.01 U+4E02 exx.) 1 1 七 qī tshit (tsh- + -it D) *[tsʰ]i[t] seven 0400a 10003.03 U+4E03 1 1 丁 zhēng treang (tr- + -eang A) *tˤreŋ sound of beating 0833a 10002.05 U+4E01 1 2 丌 qí gi (g- + -i A) *[g]ə (3p possessive) 0952a 10009.01 U+4E0C 1 2 三 sān sam (s- + -am A) *s.rum (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) three 0648a 10004.03 U+4E09 1 2 三 sān samH (s- + -am C) *s.r[u]m-s (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 three times 0648a 10004.03 U+4E09 *s-?) 1 2 上 shàng dzyangX (dzy- + -jang B) *Cə-daŋʔ ascend 0726a 10005.04 U+4E0A 1 2 上 shàng dzyangX (dzy- + -jang B) *m-daŋʔ to put up 0726a 10005.04 U+4E0A 1 2 上 shàng dzyangH (dzy- + -jang C) *daŋʔ-s top, above (n.) 0726a 10005.04 U+4E0A 1 2 下 xià haeX (h- + -ae B) *gˤraʔ down 0035a 10007.01 U+4E0B 1 2 下 xià haeH (h- + -ae C) *m-gˤraʔ-s descend 0035a 10007.01 U+4E0B 1 2 丈 zhàng drjangX (dr- + -jang B) *[d]raŋʔ ten feet 0722a 10009.02 U+4E08 1 3 不 bù pjuw (p- + -juw A) *pə not 0999a 10011.06 U+4E0D 1 3 不 bù pjuw (p- + -juw A) *pə 不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 0999a 10011.06 U+4E0D 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn) 1 3 丑 chǒu trhjuwX (trh- + -juw B) *[n̥ ]ruʔ 2d earthly branch 1076a 10012.07 U+4E11 1 3 与 yǔ yoX (y- + -jo B) *m-q(r)aʔ give; for; and 0089- 10005.03 U+4E0E 1 4 丙 bǐng pjaengX (p- + -jaeng B) *praŋʔ 3d heavenly stem 0757a 10016.03 U+4E19 1 4 且 jū tsjo (ts- + -jo A) *tsa [final particle] 0046a 10015.05 U+4E14 1 4 丕 pī phij (ph- + -ij A) *pʰrə great 0999k 10015.01 U+4E15 1 4 且 qiě tshjaeX (tsh- + -jae B) *[tsʰ]Aʔ moreover 0046a 10015.05 U+4E14 1 4 丘 qiū khjuw (kh- + -juw A) *[k]ʷʰə hill, mound 0994a 10017.01 U+4E18 1 4 世 shì syejH (sy- + -jej C) *l̥ ap-s generation 0339a 10014.06 U+4E16 1 5 丞 chéng dzying (dzy- + -ing A) *m-təŋ assist 0896g 10019.08 U+4E1E 1 7 並 bìng bengX (b- + -eng B) *[b]ˤeŋʔ side by side, together 0840b 10246.02 U+4E26 2 1 丩 jiū kjiw (k- + -jiw A) *k-riw (dialect: *k-r- > *kr-) twist (v.) 1064a 10049.02 U+4E29 Page 1 of 160 BaxterSagartOCbyRadStr2014-09-20 2 2 个 gè kaH (k- + -a C) *kˤa[r]-s tally, piece, item 0349a 10103.01 U+4E2A 2 3 丮 jǐ kjaek (k- + -jaek D) *[k]rak grasp 0786a 10051.07 U+4E2E 2 3 中 zhōng trjuwng (tr- + -juwng A) *truŋ center 1007a 10028.10 U+4E2D 2 3 中 zhòng trjuwngH (tr- + -juwng C) *truŋ-s hit the center 1007a 10028.10 U+4E2D 2 6 串 guàn kwaenH (k- + -waen C) *kˤro[n]-s custom 0159e 10030.02 U+4E32 3 2 丸 wán hwan (h- + -wan A) *[ɢ]ʷˤar pellet; ball 0163a 10042.11 U+4E38 3 2 丸 wán hwan (h- + -wan A) *ɦʷˤar (< *[ɢ]ʷˤar) 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W.