Local Government on the East Coast August 2009 Jane Luiten A Report Commissioned by HistoryWorks for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust 1 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................ 5 Local Government.................................................................................................................. 5 Project Brief ........................................................................................................................... 7 Statements of Claim ............................................................................................................... 9 The Author ........................................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 13 Part One: The Historical Development of Local Government................................................. 27 1. Local Government in the Colonial Context: 1840-1876................................................... 28 1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 28 1.2 Local Government in the Crown Colony, 1840-1852.............................................. 29 1.3 Constitution Act 1852 .............................................................................................. 35 1.4 Financing Public Works........................................................................................... 37 1.5 Local Government in the Provinces......................................................................... 40 1.6 The End of Provincialism......................................................................................... 42 1.7 The Provision for Maori Local Government, 1840-1876 ........................................ 45 1.8 General Government on the East Coast, 1840-1876................................................ 49 1.9 The Auckland Provincial Government on the East Coast........................................ 54 1.10 Local Government in the Provincial Era.................................................................. 57 2. County Government 1876-1989 ....................................................................................... 59 2.1 The Constitution of Counties ................................................................................... 59 2.2 Franchise .................................................................................................................. 60 2.3 The Impact of Franchise on Maori Participation ..................................................... 64 2.4 County Functions ..................................................................................................... 70 2.5 Funding .................................................................................................................... 73 2.6 Ad hoc Bodies.......................................................................................................... 77 2.7 Attempts at Reform.................................................................................................. 78 3. The Southern Counties: Cook, Waikohu, Uawa............................................................... 82 3.1 Cook County, 1876-1890......................................................................................... 82 3.2 Te Tino Rangatiratanga, 1876-1890 ........................................................................ 89 3.3 Waikohu County ...................................................................................................... 99 3.4 Uawa County.......................................................................................................... 104 3.5 Specific Local Government Treaty Claims............................................................ 113 3.6 Cook County, 1965-1989....................................................................................... 117 2 4. Waiapu County, 1890-1920............................................................................................ 120 4.1 The Composition of the Waiapu County Council.................................................. 121 4.2 The Work of the County Council........................................................................... 126 4.3 Te Tino Rangatiratanga 1890-1920 ....................................................................... 150 5. Waiapu County 1920-1980s ........................................................................................... 157 5.1 Local Government and Rates................................................................................. 158 5.2 Representation........................................................................................................ 162 5.3 Provision of Services.............................................................................................. 177 5.4 The Jerusalem–Whareponga Road......................................................................... 183 5.5 Roads in Northern Waiapu..................................................................................... 186 5.6 Te Tino Rangatiratanga 1920–1960....................................................................... 200 5.7 Waiapu County 1960s–1980s ................................................................................ 211 5.8 Amalgamation........................................................................................................ 213 6. Matakaoa County............................................................................................................ 216 6.1 Matakaoa County, 1919-1933................................................................................ 217 6.2 Government Intervention ....................................................................................... 233 6.3 Matakaoa County Commissioner 1933–36............................................................ 240 6.4 Challenge................................................................................................................ 246 6.5 Commissioner Rule 1939–1963............................................................................. 261 6.6 Economic Decline .................................................................................................. 292 6.7 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 296 7. Town and Country Planning........................................................................................... 298 7.1 County Planning Beginnings.................................................................................. 298 7.2 Waiapu County District Planning .......................................................................... 300 7.3 The District Scheme Review 1981......................................................................... 308 7.4 Waiapu County District Scheme Proposed Review No. 2 1989............................ 312 7.5 Planning Under the Gisborne District Council and the RMA................................ 314 7.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 319 Part Two: Contemporary Developments in Local Government ............................................ 321 8. Local Government Reform ............................................................................................. 322 8.1 Local Government Reform .................................................................................... 322 8.2 Local Government Reform and Maori................................................................... 324 9. Tangata Whenua Standing Committee ........................................................................... 329 9.1 The Maori Liaison Group 1993–1995.................................................................... 330 9.2 Towards 2000: The Treaty Debate......................................................................... 336 9.3 The End of the Tangata Whenua Committee......................................................... 350 9.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 357 10. Potaka Marae Hatchery.............................................................................................. 363 10.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 364 10.2 Events at Potaka ..................................................................................................... 374 10.3 Issues...................................................................................................................... 399 3 List of Appendices ................................................................................................................. 412 Appendix 1: List of Landholders, Waiapu County 1910- .................................................. 413 Appendix 2: Table of Waiapu County Landholders @ 1910 showing relative Maori/Pakeha tenure by riding .................................................................................................................. 416 Appendix 3: List of Maori Ratepayers in Waiapu County, 1913-1914 ............................. 417 Appendix 4: Waiapu County Council List of Ratepayers, 1926-27..................................