In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellant, Cross-Appellee, v. WILLIAM WHITE, Defendant-Appellee, Cross-Appellant. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 1:08-cr-00851-1—Lynn Adelman, Judge. ARGUED JUNE 8, 2012—DECIDED OCTOBER 26, 2012 Before POSNER, FLAUM, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. William White was charged with soliciting the commission of a violent federal crime against a juror in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 373. The alleged solicitations at issue were messages that White posted to a website that he created to advance white supremacy, which included White’s 2005 statement that “[e]veryone associated with the Matt Hale trial has deserved assas- 2 Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 sination for a long time,” and his 2008 publication of information related to the foreperson, “Juror A,” of the jury that convicted Hale. The 2008 post disclosed Juror A’s home address and mobile, home, and work phone num- bers, though it did not contain an explicit request for Juror A to be harmed. White was tried and convicted by a jury. White then filed a Rule 29 motion for entry of a judgment of acquittal, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of solicitation. The district court granted the motion, finding that the government failed to present sufficient evidence for a reasonable juror to conclude that White was guilty of criminal solicitation, and that White’s speech was protected by the First Amendment. The government appeals that ruling, and White has filed a cross-appeal urging a new trial if we reverse the judg- ment of acquittal. After reviewing the trial record, we conclude that a rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that, based on the contents of the website, its readership, and other contextual factors, White intentionally solicited a violent crime against Juror A by posting Juror A’s personal information on his website. Criminal solicitation is not protected by the First Amendment, and so we reverse White’s acquittal and reinstate his conviction. Also, because White is not entitled to a new trial, we remand for sentencing. I. BACKGROUND To best understand the facts of this case it is helpful to have some basic familiarity with another case involving Matthew Hale, a white supremacist convicted Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 3 of solicitation under 18 U.S.C. § 373. See United States v. Hale, 448 F.3d 971 (7th Cir. 2006) (per curiam). The defendant in that case led a white supremacist organization known as the World Church of the Creator (“World Church”). A religious organization operating under the name “Church of the Creator” sued World Church for trademark infringement in federal court. Both parties moved for summary judgment and Judge Joan Lefkow granted the motion of Hale’s organization, World Church. But we reversed and remanded for judg- ment to be entered in favor of Church of the Creator. After Judge Lefkow abided by our instructions, Hale informed his followers that they were “in a state of war with this federal judge.” Id. at 978. He then sent an email to Tony Evola, a cooperating witness who had infiltrated World Church, requesting the home address of Judge Lefkow. One day later, Evola and Hale met. Evola asked Hale if they were “gonna exterminate the rat.” Hale answered, “I’m gonna fight within the law” but “that information’s been . provided” so “[i]f you wish” to “do anything yourself, you can, you know?” Evola responded, “Consider it done,” to which Hale replied, “Good.” Id. at 979. A jury convicted Hale for, among other things, criminally soliciting harm to Judge Lefkow, and he received a sentence of 40 years in prison. Id. at 982. The foreperson of that jury was “Juror A,” the target of the alleged solicitation in this case. William White is an avid supporter of Matthew Hale. An active white supremacist, White created and served as editor of a website, Overthrow.com, which sought to advance that cause. On February 28, 2005, only hours 4 Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 after Judge Lefkow’s husband and mother were tragically murdered,1 White applauded the crimes on his website. He wrote, “Everyone associated with the Matt Hale trial has deserved assassination for a long time . In my view, it was clearly just, and I look forward to seeing who else this new white nationalist group of assassins kills next.” Not long afterward, in March 2005, White described an email, circulating on the internet, that con- tained the personal identification information of the FBI agents and prosecutors (“scumbags”) who investi- gated and prosecuted Hale. White noted that they might be the “next targets of the unknown nationalist assassin who killed the family of Chicago Judge Joan Lefkow.” He explained on his website that he would not disclose the agents’ and prosecutors’ personal informa- tion, however, because there was “so great a potential for action linked to such posting.” On February 13, 2007, White published on his website the address of Elie Wiesel, an internationally known Holocaust survivor, “In Case Anyone Was Looking For Him.” White praised Eric Hunt, “a fan of [the] website,” as a “loyal soldier” for attacking Wiesel a few days earlier, on February 1. White presented similar information about six black teenagers in Jena, Louisiana in September 2007, suggesting that they be “lynch[ed]” for their involve- ment in a schoolyard fight that garnered national atten- tion due to its racial overtones. He continued this trend in 2008 by posting the personal information of individ- 1 Neither Hale nor White (nor anyone connected to either of them) was responsible for the murders. Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 5 uals whom he labeled “anti-racist” or “enemies” of white supremacy. One such post, “Kill Richard Warman,” advocated the murder of a noted Canadian civil rights lawyer. That particular message could be accessed from any page on the website because it could be retrieved using a hyperlink located in a static column of the site, called “Top Articles.” Another post—“Kill This Nigger?”—contained images of and articles about then-presidential candidate Barack Obama. One article displayed a photograph of the presidential candidate with swastika-shaped crosshairs superimposed over his face,2 and stated that “White people must deny [Barack Obama] the presidency . by any means neces- sary.” Those postings, however, were mere prelude to the conduct that got White indicted for criminal solicitation. On September 11, 2008, White authored a post titled, “The Juror Who Convicted Matt Hale.” In it, he disclosed personal, identifying information about Juror A. The post read: Gay anti-racist [Juror A] was a juror who played a key role in convicting Matt Hale. Born [date], [he/she] lives at [address] with [his/her] gay black lover and [his/her] cat [name]. [His/Her] 2 White moved in limine to prevent these posts from reaching the jury, but the district court denied his request because the posts evidenced White’s intent, or were direct evidence of the “strongly corroborative circumstances” required under § 373, or both. 6 Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 phone number is [phone number], cell phone [phone number], and [his/her] office is [phone number]. The post further stated that the “gay Jewish [Juror A], who has a gay black lover and ties to professional anti- racist groups, and who also personally knew [an individ- ual] killed by Ben Smith, a follower of Hale, was allowed to sit on his jury without challenge and played a leading role in inciting both the conviction and harsh sentence that followed.” The entry featured a color photograph of Juror A. One day later, White uploaded an identical message to a different portion of the website. The post carried the title: “[Juror A] Updated-Since They Blocked the first photo.” Apparently, Juror A’s employer had blocked public access to the page on its website that contained information about Juror A and the color photograph of the juror that appeared in White’s first post. White’s second post stated, “Note that [Employer] blocked much of [Juror A’s] information after we linked to [his/her] photograph.” The photograph of Juror A that appeared was embedded in the Overthrow server so that only White could remove it. On October 22, 2008, a grand jury indicted White for soliciting the commission of a violent federal offense against Juror A in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 373. The in- dictment charged that White had “solicited and other- wise endeavored to persuade another person to injure Juror A on account of a verdict assented to by Juror A, in violation of Title 18, United States Code 1503.” See also Nos. 11-2150 & 11-2209 7 18 U.S.C. § 1503 (outlawing injuring or threatening to injure a federal juror). A grand jury returned a super- seding indictment against White on February 10, 2009. White moved to dismiss the indictment, and the district court granted his motion after finding that White’s internet postings were protected speech and that the indictment failed to sufficiently allege “corroborating circumstances” of White’s criminal intent. The government appealed. We reversed because the indictment was facially valid and White’s First Amend- ment rights were protected by the government’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that White had the requisite intent for criminal solicitation. United States v. White, 610 F.3d 956, 961 (7th Cir. 2010) (per curiam). As we explained: The government informed us at oral argument that it has further evidence of the website’s reader- ship, audience, and the relationship between White and his followers which will show the posting was a specific request to White’s fol- lowers, who understood that request and were capable and willing to act on it.