~ !Xl. --- INTERNATIONAL ADVANCED COURSE ON , ~TED TECHNOLOGY FOR HOUSING PLANNING ~Indonesia, 4th October to 3rd November 1998 • • • • :• .' . • • ...- • PlIEI' AI\W BY . • • JOHNY F. 5. 5UBI\ATA . ~ . ' , • • • " • ' . -t> • • \,'. f" , . p " t-.{ ' . .. t... • • ,.. .: . ", . • • , RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS JJI rr~ AGENCY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ~ n "- MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS (oeperation with JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATJON AGENCY By Johny F. S. Subrata Prepan:!d far The InkrnationLl! Course in Ho using Planning Ba ndung,Oct(lber 11 , 19GB • 'P«t tkC cdt; «p: teM (he cdt; ~: ftut it etp a~W;'t : eet U4 liHd a cit<;o Let <U WHemtett the «ttee ~ioeet- et;e4?1ta" wk 9ave afL, ~, "'VûJ ad ct.eMt, dM.am ad ha<1'fftett, titt 'fl'''''' cdt; CO",(;á "'. IlIlroduclÎolI Bandung in the past ,,"as a story of golden age of the city in architecture. Different type of artistic a id building architecture embelished all over the aid town. Fashioned art-deco, neo­ gothic, art nouveau and modern fungsionalim of European architecture styles, and lndo­ European admixture, were applied to charm the nonh part of aid town where most European were lived. Chinese shop-house architecture gave aspecific characteristic of China Town in centre of the city. Whi le in southern part, Sundanese architecture dominated residential buildings as weil as Islamic and Java-Hindu architecture styles for Mosque. Tropical parks and boulevards are another element of urban design developed to embody Bandung as a garden city. Now the city of live museum of architecture is in her development. The most den se city in Asia is still struggling to be 'Clean, Green mlll F/olVerÎlIg' (BERHIBER; BERsih , Hljau, BERbunga) in order to return her reputation as an attractive city to visit and a convenient environment to li ve, as it \\'as happened in her golden age. Prestigious predicates as it was awarded to Bandung. :; ince it was de Parij s van Java (The Pari s of Java), the Flower City, the Garden of Al lah. de Stad der Gepensioneerden (City for Retired People), until the Most Secure City in the World (1992), should be maintain. Of course heroic predicates of Bandung Lautan Api (Sea of Fire) and Bandung Lautan Air (Sea of Water) should not be maintain in another meanings . .IJ :""; JOl' TCTP-llousing -I)X llislorica! ,We/ch q[ Bandl/ng Self/1.!/II Cllf.\· Baut/ullg a.\' fllI Auciell Lake Bandllllg is a basin area locaiccl al 715 - 1050 meier ah<,, 'c sea k 'd. Intluanced by mouillaillous c1imate ofaverage lempCralurc 01" 24 0 C ~lJ1d hum i,li l)' of70 ",. Ihc Cil Y havc a conveni ent wheather lor livi ng. Surrrounding mountain fOrtlled the 'Parahyangan (Priangan,Preanger = Place of Gods, term of Bandung Highland) plain as a big basin. Geological researcb proved that tbe basin was a big ancient lake with 30 meter of depth, spead out about 30 km from north to south, and 50 km from west 10 east. The artifact findings ofNeolithic people noticed that the Iake level gradually sanks as the bank \\'as out byerosion. Finally only a marshy plain remained. The populair traditional Sundanese legend of Sangkuriang (see Legend of Sangkuriang) which believe that Bandung land was a lake, has also been considered by the geologist to support their findin gs. Arthifact findings founded at many plaees along the shore indicate th at primitive people has has inhabited along the ancient lake s id ~ (at present known as 1110untains surrounding Bandung) sinee Holosen Ages (geological period '" 6,000 years ago). The stone-age man lived in groups with their prehistorical civilization of culture \\hich living under the taboos of spirits, ghosts and gods. This inhabitant later noticed as the founder of civilized Bandung original people whieh knO\\ll as Sundanese. 2 JFS for T crp-ll u Ll ~ing'<) :-; I -@'-. I ." Bandung plain surround ect by mount. ains PrumtJve.. In. habitant alrea d y. exist smce. Ban ct un :::.o plan sti ll a lake . .h" IOI>I: .1 li.... ~.. .'""'./ l ,! ~) .ç' .,.::;:;.: :...:.:.... ..... , ... =~"'H'" =---=~.... , - ... _.-_.. _. ... _ ~ ._ . _ ~-3 Map of Bandung Ancient Lakc IliS{rw i .. 'O/ Skl'/t'/I IJ(f). o/{IIIII,I!. ,)'('lfleIllCllf.\' Tlrt! IJirllr (~ r a TOWIl It \1'015 in t~IO \I he n th e sixth I~ ege nt of l3 ane! lIn g. Dalem \\ïranuta Klisumah 11 , (prcsslired by ivlarshall Daendles, the Governor General of the NctherLlnl! ! ne!ies). Ill ovee! thc c"pit al from Dayellh Kolot ( 15 km South of Banclllng) approaehing the po int o f where the Groote Post-weg (Great Post Road, part of 1,000 km of East- West Java road), would be constructed. The new capital was then settl ed in 181 1 nearby a water spring named Sumur Bandung (Bane!ung-\\'ell ; at present k1lOwn as Alun-alun/the ' town sq uare' in centre of city) and settl ement established along Cikapundung river bank where the post-roae! intersects. " The first fa st development of Bandung was start late of 19'" century, since the railway was officiall y opened in 1884, conecting Bandung to Batavia (ltereafter Jakarta) and in 1894 the line towards the east was also opened, conecting Bandung to Surabaya. The rai lway operation accelerated the economie growth of Bandung city. Houses for railway personnel were built in several location when the head office of State Railway Company moved to Bandung in 1894. In 1898, the arm factory was removed from Surabaya to Bandung, near the railway and housing complex for workers was built nearby factor)'. Then population grew fa st. I f in 1846, statistica I recorded 11.000 natives, 9 Europeans, 13 Chinese, and 30 Arabs were li ve in Bandung, fifty years later the city was inhabited by 4! ,000 indige nous, 1, 134 Europeans, and 4,000 other nationalities. Thcse all dcmanded other facilities such as technica! senices, hotels and recreational facil ities, most of which first developed arOlmd Alun-alun/the IOwn square, along the Groote Post-weg and near the railway station. Then the city were moe!ernized. Even R.A.A. Martanegara, the Regent governed Bandung from 1893 to 1918, who al so civil engineer, took apart in planning and design of the city. He \I'as and instructed the people to replace the traditional materiag of building contruction with new technology, l\ lerchants lOok aelvantage of these situations. Famous anel exc ili sive shops and restaurant soon lineel in Braga Streel. The city became attracti ve anel made to be poplliar week-end for the ri ch. especiall)' planters cli ltivated land arOlll1d Banelung pl ain . .Ij::::; ror TCTP-J-lll ll sing'<) }\ 11 . EragQ di tahun 1920 fgambaratasl. Di tahun 1937 12 . Braga lelah dip(1luhi tok<JdalI bangunan modern fgombar bawahJ I Dok. T. Karsten!. Sebuah Uustrasi cantik karvo Nl/. 1... ueman Laoh, berhasil menggambarkan suasana Bandung di abad XI X yang laltI . Ja\1.111 Braga lil 1937. siHlaled with cxc lu sivc and pres'igious shops and res'ourants. I' was ,h e ce nlre of Eurpcan Shoppin g ac(i vil )' during co\onial time. l!luslration of elegant life of European arround Uraga. 5 -' ~ . " . -----" " "~ :; - .::.--" ..', • ~!!!. ' .,..---. Villa lsola. \V, Barety' s majesry country house in Nort Bandung, now lJ sed as a Teacher Training Centre (I KI P), Designed by' \Volf Schoemaker, constrll cred by {h e A IA and comp lered in 1934. The des ign Il\Jde grear demands on con stru clion . Tilt! rounJ:;,d fOnll S and the del;),ilin g ~H e still vçry modern, JF:-i li.lf Il' !'I' 1lmls!ll;': " 11\ 6 Savoy Homann Hotel, a cclonial land mark of Bandung Grand Preanger, ane of th e oldest hotel in Bandung O ld building (far-Ief!) and new building (frani) 7 Historical Skels olBandung Sel/lemellnt In its colonial hevdav Bandung was known as ' Parij s van Java' (Paris of Java), a city wi th tree-lined boulevard. tàshionabl e shops and elegant architecture . even the Outch (jovernm enl ever suggested to transfer thé capital cit y frolll Jakart a to Bandung. Bandung was in her 'golden age' in 1920's since the Colonial Govemment announced the transfer the seat of government and a large number of administrative departments from Jakarta to Bandung. An urban development plan, in which new residential districts and government buildings were alloned their positions, had to be drawn up. Planners and architects ordered to design beautiful town and buildings. However thi s development was never completed because of the lndonesia war for independence against eolonialism. However, some key government offices had already been moved to Bandung. The City Development Scheme -Initia! establishment As a very small city in the 19th Century, Bandung was expresseà as smal! clustering of settlement around the Pendopo, regent palace. The Pendopo and the Alun-alun (a front yard) are among the most striking urban features of Bandung. Other important builèings were located around the Alun-alun or in its vicinity: the mosque, the residence of the patih, the regent assistant, and some more dwellings of other relatives of the regent. The whole complex was oriented to the north where legendary mountain of Tangkuban Perahu located. This eosmological orientation of north-south axis is known as a specific concept of Javanese town. Later, the regent complex was the embryo of the settlement of Bandung and the Alun-alun became a town square where the social, economie and cuIturai agglomeration of the native were concentrated. J FS for Te TP.Hou, ing 'n 8 D .", _• . - ".! .0• • • \ : -. -. " . • c P ""'HIHI/; oJ.A.H ÁIlu, r. "f~'''' r g~~r.., I( ,·(AHI'rr l ""'''' A,vr) H ~~, ~,.......