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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogr^hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualiQr 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aiqr photographs or illustrations gqxpearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800/521-0600 SHENKS FERRY SUBSISTENCE AND SETTLEMENT: THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL RECORD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State U niversity by Annette Gabrielle Ericksen, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Richard W. Yerkes Dr. Paul W. Sciulli Dr. Kristen Gremillion Advfeer Department of Anthropology UMI Number: 9526021 Copyright 1995 by ERICKSEN, ANNETTE GABRIELLE All rights reserved. DMI Microform 9526021 Copyright 1995, by DMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Annette Gabrielle Ericksen 1995 To all who dare to pursue a dream 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No body of research is the work of a single individual. Many have aided in the acquisition of materials, funding, analysis, and encouragement. To these individuals and organizations I am truly thankful. I wish to extend my appreciation to my adviser Dr. Richard W. Yerkes for his quiet but unyielding confidence in my abilities and his help In producing this document. Additional thanks to my committee m em bers Dr. Paul W. Sciulli and Dr. Kristen Gremillion for their comments and suggestions. The Department of Anthropology has always been a source of support throughout most of my graduate career, however, I would like to extend a special appreciation to the late Dr. Daniel Hughes who gave me my first academic position and essentially started my professional career. This research was funded in part by a grant from the Graduate Student Alumni Research Association of The Ohio State University. Original research and the introduction of the problem of Shenks Ferry subsistence was funded under contract with Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc., Columbus Ohio and Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline Corporation. Additional individuals who offered their services include James H. Burton and Margaret Schoeninger the Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. I am greatly appreciative of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission for their generous release of curated materials and their patience for their return. I would especially like to thank Stephen G. Warfel and Mark McConaughy for their assistance. 111 To all my colleagues who have proceeded before me and those who will follow; thank you for your insights, your enthusiasm, your perseverance, and dedication to a discipline we have all been driven to pursue. Special thanks to Marilyn Orr, Flora Church, Myra Giesen, Shaüne Skinner and 0. George Hinkle. Your help and support are greatly appreciated. A special appreciation is extended to my family who instilled in me the desire to achieve my goals and provided me with both the financial means and moral support necessary to complete such a task as this. IV VITA February 11,1961 ....................................... Born - Kenton, OH 1982 ............................................................... B.A. in Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1982 .............................................................. Research Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1983 ............................................................... Graduate Fellow, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1984-1985 .................................................. Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1985 ............................................................... M.A. in Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1985-198 7 ...................................................... Environmental Scientist 1 Bureau of Environmental Services, The Ohio D epartm ent of Transportation Columbus, OH V 1987-1991 ...................................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1991-1992 .................................................. Graduate Research Associate, Department of Textiles and Clothing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1992-Presen t ..................................................President, Archaeological Data Services, Inc. Paleoethnobotanical Laboratory, Columbus, OH FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Studies in Paleoethnobotany Studies in Eastern Woodlands Prehistory. Professor Richard W. Yerkes. V I TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION............................................................................................. i i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................... i i i VITA............................................................................................................. V LIST OF T A B L E S ................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIG U R E S................................................................................ xiv LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................. xvi CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1 Research U n iv e rse ................................................................ 2 Environmental S ettin g ............................................ 2 General Site Locations ........................................... 4 Research Orientation ............................................................. 6 Research Objectives ............................................................. 9 II. OVERVIEW OF R E S E A R C H .......................................................11 Temporal and Regional Comparisons ................................... 11 The Shenks Ferry Tradition ......................................................13 Shenks Ferry Contemporaries .................................................. 17 Cultigens in the Susquehanna Valley .....................................2 4 The Introduction of Corn ............................................... 2 5 The Role of Beans in Subsistence ........................... 3 2 Squash and Gourd .........................................................3 4 Eastern Agricultural Com plex .................................... 3 5 v ii III. M ETH O D S........................................................................... 3 7 Site Selection ......................................................................... 3 7 Archaeobotanical Recovery T echniques ...................... 3 7 Kauffman II (36Ch438) ............................................ 3 7 Shenks Ferry (36La2) ...........................................39 Funk Site (36La9) ......................................................4 0 Fort Loudoun (36Fr31) ...............................................4 0 Foley Farm (36Gr52) .................................................. 4 0 Sampling of Osteological Remains ......................................41 Mass Spectrometric Analysis ............................................. 4 2 Stable Carbon Isotopes ...............................................4 2 N itro g e n .......................................................................4 9 Trace Elements............................................................ 5 0 IV. SITE DESCRIPTION AND PREHISTORIC RESOURCE AVAILABILITY..............................................................................5 4 Lancaster County ....................................................................5 4 Shenks Ferry (36La2) .............................................. 5 6 Funk Site (36La9) ..................................................... 61 Chester County .......................................................................6 5 Kauffman II (36Ch438) ................................................ 6 8 Franklin County ....................................................................... 71 Fort Loudoun (36Fr31) ...............................................7