PEBBLE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DOCUMENT 2004 through 2008 (with updates in 2009) CHAPTER 21. SOCIOECONOMICS Bristol Bay Drainages PREPARED BY: MCDOWELL GROUP JIM BUELL STEPHEN R. BRAUND & ASSOCIATES SOCIOECONOMICS—BRISTOL BAY DRAINAGES TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 21-i LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 21-iii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 21-xiv LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS .................................................................................................................. 21-xvi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ 21-xvii 21. SOCIOECONOMICS—Bristol Bay Region ..................................................................................... 21-1 21.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 21-1 21.2 Study Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 21-1 21.3 Study Area ............................................................................................................................... 21-1 21.4 Previous Studies ...................................................................................................................... 21-1 21.5 Scope of Work ......................................................................................................................... 21-2 21.6 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 21-2 21.7 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 21-5 21.7.1 History and Culture .................................................................................................... 21-5 21.7.1.1 Pre-European Era ...................................................................................... 21-6 21.7.1.2 Russian and Other European Contact and Influence in the Study Area ... 21-6 21.7.1.3 Disease and Health Care ......................................................................... 21-10 21.7.1.4 Commercial Fishing ................................................................................ 21-11 21.7.1.5 Mining and Prospecting .......................................................................... 21-19 21.7.1.6 Trapping and Hunting ............................................................................. 21-19 21.7.2 Community Baseline Profiles—Iliamna Lake/Lake Clark Communities ................ 21-19 21.7.2.1 Nondalton ............................................................................................... 21-20 21.7.2.2 Kokhanok ................................................................................................ 21-34 21.7.2.3 Newhalen ................................................................................................ 21-47 21.7.2.4 Port Alsworth .......................................................................................... 21-60 21.7.2.5 Iliamna .................................................................................................... 21-73 21.7.2.6 Levelock ................................................................................................. 21-86 21.7.2.7 Pedro Bay ............................................................................................... 21-99 21.7.2.8 Igiugig ................................................................................................... 21-112 21.7.3 Regional Baseline Profiles—Nushagak/Bristol Bay Region .................................. 21-124 21.7.3.1 Entire Lake and Peninsula Borough ..................................................... 21-124 21.7.3.2 Balance of Lake and Peninsula Borough Communities ....................... 21-142 21.7.3.3 Bristol Bay Borough ............................................................................. 21-154 21.7.3.4 Dillingham Census Area ....................................................................... 21-173 21.7.4 Regional Basic Industry Overview ......................................................................... 21-193 21.7.4.1 Commercial Fishing .............................................................................. 21-193 21.7.4.2 Visitor Industry ..................................................................................... 21-218 21-i 03/14/2011 PEBBLE PROJECT, ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DOCUMENT, 2004 THROUGH 2008 21.7.4.3 Mining .................................................................................................. 21-223 21.7.4.4 Government .......................................................................................... 21-229 21.7.4.5 Regional Economic Outlook ................................................................. 21-230 21.7.5 Governance ............................................................................................................. 21-232 21.7.5.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 21-232 21.7.5.2 Lake and Peninsula Borough ................................................................ 21-238 21.7.5.3 Bristol Bay Borough ............................................................................. 21-243 21.7.5.4 City of Dillingham ................................................................................ 21-244 21.7.5.5 Regional Nonprofit Organizations ........................................................ 21-244 21.8 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 21-246 21.9 References ........................................................................................................................... 21-248 21.10 Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 21-259 21-ii 03/14/2011 SOCIOECONOMICS—BRISTOL BAY DRAINAGES LIST OF TABLES Table 21-1, Bristol Bay Fishery, Non-resident workers and wages for seafood processing, 2008 ....... 21-18 Table 21-2, Nondalton, Population by Gender, 1990 and 2000 ............................................................. 21-21 Table 21-3, Nondalton, Median Age, 1990 and 2000 ............................................................................ 21-21 Table 21-4, Nondalton, Age by Count and Percentage, 1990 and 2000 ................................................ 21-21 Table 21-5, Nondalton, Race by Count and Percentage, 2000 .............................................................. 21-22 Table 21-6, Nondalton, Specific Alaska Native Designation, 2000 ...................................................... 21-23 Table 21-7, Nondalton, Households and Families, 1990 and 2000 ....................................................... 21-23 Table 21-8, Nondalton, Language Spoken at Home by People Age Five and Older, 2000 ................... 21-24 Table 21-9, Nondalton 2000-census Population Age Five and Older, Residence Status in 1995 ......... 21-24 Table 21-10, Nondalton, Employment by Gender and Place of Work, 1990 and 2000 ........................ 21-25 Table 21-11, Nondalton, Employers, 2007 ............................................................................................ 21-26 Table 21-12, Job Locations for Nondalton Residents, 2004 .................................................................. 21-26 Table 21-13, Funded Capital Improvement Projects in Nondalton, Fiscal Years 2002 to 2009 ............ 21-27 Table 21-14, Nondalton, Residents’ Commercial Fishing Activity, 1990 through 2009 ...................... 21-27 Table 21-15, Nondalton, Residents’ Crew-member Licenses, 2000 through 2009 ............................... 21-28 Table 21-16, Nondalton, Educational Attainment, 1990 and 2000 ........................................................ 21-29 Table 21-17, Nondalton, Occupations for the Employed Civilian Population Age 16 and Older, 2000 ...................................................................................................................................... 21-30 Table 21-18, Nondalton, Household Income, 1990 and 2000 ............................................................... 21-30 Table 21-19, Nondalton, Numbers of Households and Individuals Receiving Public Assistance, 2005 through 2009 ........................................................................................................................... 21-31 Table 21-20, Nondalton, Amount of Public Assistance Payments, 2005 through 2009 ........................ 21-31 Table 21-21, Nondalton, Housing Characteristics, 1990 and 2000 ....................................................... 21-33 Table 21-22, Kokhanok, Population by Gender, 1990 and 2000 ........................................................... 21-35 Table 21-23, Kokhanok, Median Age, 1990 and 2000 .......................................................................... 21-35 Table 21-24, Kokhanok, Age by Count and Percentage, 1990 and 2000 .............................................