ALKALINE FENS IN POLAND Alkaline fens have been the subject of particular interest of the Naturalists’ Club for over 20 years. Based on conducted inventory, field research and knowledge acquired thanks to them, we undertook many conservation measures through- out Poland. The experience we gained was shared in our pu- blications, published as part of the implementation of pro- jects for alkaline fens protection in northern and southern Poland. This book is an attempt to summarize the knowled- ge we have had so far and which we had gained over the past few years implementing projects for their protection throughout the country. We would like to dedicate this book to all people involved in the protection of alkaline fens, the most valuable ones – like in the Rospuda river valley as well as many other in the other corners of our country. To those supporting us, co- Alkaline fens in Poland – diversity, resources, conservation resources, – diversity, fens in Poland Alkaline -workers, in particular one who stays in our memory - Jola Kujawa-Pawlaczyk, who contributed to protection of many peatlands. DIVERSITY, RESOURCES, CONSERVATION ISBN 978-83-63426-30-9 ALKALINE FENS IN POLAND Alkaline fens have been the subject of particular interest of the Naturalists’ Club for over 20 years. Based on conducted inventory, field research and knowledge acquired thanks to them, we undertook many conservation measures through- out Poland. The experience we gained was shared in our pu- blications, published as part of the implementation of pro- jects for alkaline fens protection in northern and southern Poland. This book is an attempt to summarize the knowled- ge we have had so far and which we had gained over the past few years implementing projects for their protection throughout the country. We would like to dedicate this book to all people involved in the protection of alkaline fens, the most valuable ones – like in the Rospuda river valley as well as many other in the other corners of our country. To those supporting us, co- Alkaline fens in Poland – diversity, resources, conservation resources, – diversity, fens in Poland Alkaline -workers, in particular one who stays in our memory - Jola Kujawa-Pawlaczyk, who contributed to protection of many peatlands. DIVERSITY, RESOURCES, CONSERVATION ISBN 978-83-63426-30-9 Alkaline fens in Poland – diversity, resources, conservation Editorial: Lesław Wołejko, Paweł Pawlaczyk, Robert Stańko Reviewer: prof. dr hab. Jacek Herbich Technical editorial: Magdalena Makowska Layout: Barbara Rynkiewicz Translation: ATOMINIUM Specialist Translation Agency Ewa Gutowska Fundacja Snopowiązałka, Polkowo e-mail: [email protected] Dorota Horabik Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin e-mail: [email protected] Filip Jarzombkowski Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy, Falenty Fundacja Snopowiązałka, Polkowo e-mail: [email protected] Andrzej Jermaczek Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin e-mail: [email protected] Katarzyna Kotowska Fundacja Snopowiązałka, Polkowo e-mail: [email protected] Łukasz Kozub Zakład Ekologii Roślin i Ochrony Środowiska, Instytut Botaniki, Wydział Biologii, Centrum Nauk Biologiczno-Chemicznych, Uniwersytet Warszawski Centrum Ochrony Mokradeł, Warszawa e-mail: [email protected] Zofia Książkiewicz - Parulska Zakład Zoologii Ogólnej Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu e-mail: [email protected] 2 Jolanta Kujawa-Pawlaczyk Katedra Botaniki Lesnej Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu Magdalena Makowska Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin e-mail: [email protected] Paweł Pawlaczyk Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin e-mail: [email protected] Paweł Pawlikowski Zakład Ekologii Roślin i Ochrony Środowiska, Instytut Botaniki, Wydział Biologii, Centrum Nauk Biologiczno-Chemicznych, Uniwersytet Warszawski Centrum Ochrony Mokradeł, Warszawa e-mail: [email protected] Rafał Ruta Katedra Bioróżnorodności i Taksonomii Ewolucyjnej, Uniwersytet Wrocławski e-mail: [email protected] Anna Smolarska Zespół Parków Krajobrazowych Województwa Śląskiego, Żywiec e-mail: [email protected] Robert Stańko Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin e-mail: [email protected] Grzegorz Vončina Pieniński Park Narodowy, Krościenko nad Dunajcem e-mail: [email protected] Lesław Wołejko Zakład Meteorologii, Botaniki i Kształtowania Terenow Zieleni Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin e-mail: [email protected] Publishing House Klub Przyrodników, 2019 ISBN 978-83-63426-30-9 3 Proposed citing: Wołejko L., Pawlaczyk P., Stańko R. (eds). 2019. Alkaline fens in Poland – diversity, resources, conservation. Pub. Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin. Książkiewicz – Parulska Z. 2019. Terrestrial snails of alkaline fens. In: Wołejko L., Pawlaczyk P., Stańko R. (eds) 2019. Alkaline fens in Poland – diversity, resources, conservation. Pub. Klub Przyrodników, Świebodzin Published in a frame of LIFE13 NAT/PL/024 project „Alkaline fens conservation in sountern Poland”. LIST OF CONTENT 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HABITAT TYPE ................................................ 7 1.1. Definition of natural habitat 7230 ............................................................................7 1.2. General characteristics of habitat 7230 ....................................................................9 2. STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALKALINE FENS IN POLAND .... 11 2.1. Ecohydrological type ................................................................................................11 2.2. Genesis and age of alkaline fens .............................................................................27 2.3. Stratigraphic components of alkaline fens ............................................................30 2.4. Soils of alkaline fens .................................................................................................37 2.5. Alkaline fens in the system of ecological gradients .............................................40 2.6. Physicochemical factors decisive for diversity of vegetation in alkaline fens ...41 3. PLANT COVER .................................................................................................. 49 3.1. Plant communities specific for alkaline fens .........................................................49 3.2. Indicative plant species ............................................................................................59 4. THE FAUNA OF ALKALINE FENS ................................................................... 67 4.1. General aspects .........................................................................................................67 4.2. Terrestrial snails of alkaline fens ............................................................................81 5. ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY ................................................................................... 88 5.1. Ecology of an ecosystem with favorable conservation status .............................88 5.2. Ecosystem ecology during degradation and regeneration ..................................91 6. HABITAT 7230 IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ................................................. 97 7. THE CURRENT OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ALKALINE FENS IN POLAND ................................................................. 101 7.1. General characteristics of alkaline fen resources in poland ............................. 101 7.2. Areas and centers of occurrence of habitat 7230 of key significance to its conservation in Poland: characteristics of regional resources. .............. 102 5 8. ALKALINE FENS (NATURAL HABITAT 7230) IN POLISH PROTECTED AREA NETWORK .................................................................... 171 8.1. Alkaline fens resources in forms of nature protection ..................................... 171 8.2. Natura 2000 sites.................................................................................................... 172 8.2.1. Alkaline fens resources in the network .................................................... 172 8.2.2. Protection of alkaline fens within Natura 2000 sites .............................. 194 8.3. National Parks ........................................................................................................ 199 8.4. Nature reserves ...................................................................................................... 207 8.4.1. Representation of alkaline fens in the nature reserve network ............. 207 8.4.2.Protection of alkaline fens in nature reserves ........................................... 223 8.5. Other forms of protection .................................................................................... 225 9. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .................................................................................. 229 10. NATURE PROTECTION PRACTICE ............................................................. 239 10.1. Projects aimed at protection of alkaline fens in Poland ................................. 239 10.2. Support for agricultural management protecting alkaline fens ..................... 245 11. MONITORING ................................................................................................. 249 11.1. GIOŚ Monitoring (State Environmental Monitoring) .................................... 249 11.1.1. GIOŚ Methodology ................................................................................... 249 11.1.2. GIOŚ monitoring results obtained to date ............................................. 253 11.1.3. Practical experiences with implementation of