The NIC must match the Address/Data Bus of the computer. ISA PCI 55 Installing the NIC in the computer. • NIC installed inside the computer. • Normally plugs into a bus slot. • Some are built right into the motherboard. • Plug-in boards must be configured correctly. 56 NIC Configuration Methods • Plug-and-Play • EEPROM • Jumper pins 57 Preparing to Install the NIC • Ensure there is an open bus slot. • Ensure the adapter is compatible. • Ensure there are system resources available. • Ensure all installation items are available. • Ensure all software is available. 58 Installing the NIC Hardware • Configure the NIC to available resources. • Use a ground strap. • Remove cover from the computer. • Remove rear panel slot cover plate. • Remove card from its antistatic bag and immediately plug it into motherboard. • Secure card slot cover plate to computer.59 Installing the NIC Software • Loading the device driver used by the NIC. • Loading any utilities supplied with the NIC. 60 NIC Device Driver • Supports communication between the NIC and OS. • Automatically installed and configured if both NIC and OS support PnP. • In other cases, driver loaded from floppy or CD supplied with NIC. 61 A more recent device driver may be available at the website of the NIC manufacturer. 62 Troubleshooting the NIC • Is NIC talking to the motherboard? • Is the NIC working internally? • Is the NIC communicating with the external network? 63 LEDs Link Activity 64 Twisted-Pair Cable • UTP—Unshielded Twisted-Pair • STP—Shielded Twisted-Pair 65 Twisted-Pair Cable Foil Foil Shield Wire Shield Braid Shield STP UTP STP 66 10BaseT Ethernet uses Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. 67 RJ-45 Connector Strain Relief Crimp Contacts Wires Latch 68 Twisted-Pair Advantages • UTP is inexpensive. • Workstations isolated from each other by central hub. • Easy to add workstations to segment. • Easier to route than coaxial cable. • Easier to troubleshoot than coaxial cable network. 69 Twisted-Pair Disadvantages • UTP cable is susceptible to RFI/EMI. • Suffers crosstalk between wire pairs. • Poor conductor; attenuates signal more quickly than coax. • Maximum segment length half of coax. • STP cable more expensive than UTP cable or coax. • Difficult to work with shielding. 70 EIA/TIA Cable Categories • Category 1—Voice-grade UTP phone • Category 2—Data-grade UTP, 4 Mbps • Category 3—Data-grade UTP, 10 Mbps • Category 4—Data-grade UTP, 16 Mbps • Category 5—Data-grade UTP, 100 Mbps 71 Category 3 Cable • Common data-grade cable. • Four unshielded twisted-pair wires. • Transmission rates up to 10 Mbps. 72 Category 5 Cable • Data-grade cable. • Official transmission rates up to 100 Mbps. • Four unshielded twisted-pair wires. 73 Two Bus Technologies: • 10Base5 or Thicknet • 10Base2 or Thinnet 74 Coaxial Cable Characteristics RG-58 Thinnet Cable Sleeve Wire Braid Dielectric Center Conductor RG-8 Thicknet Cable Foil 75 Coax Advantages • Resistant to RFI. • Good conductor. • Longer network segments. • Thinnet: easy/inexpensive workstation interconnection. • Thicknet: stronger, more durable than any other network cable. 76 Coax Disadvantages • Each segment must be terminated. • Break in cable disables entire segment. • Difficult to add workstations to a thinnet segment. • Thicknet: difficult to use, heavy shield braid and foil. • Thicknet: requires special piercing tap and transceiver. 77 What’s in a name? • 10Base5 • 10Base2 78 The number on the left is the speed of the LAN. 10 Base 5 Speed in Megabits Per Second 10 Base 2 79 The number on the right is the length of the LAN segment. 10 Base 5 Length of Segment in Hundreds Of Meters 10 Base 2 80 The word in the middle signifies the type of signal. 10 Base 5 Type of Signal 10 Base 2 81 Baseband Signal 1 Signal 2 Broadband Signal 3 82 RG-8, 10Base5, or Thicknet Cable RG-58, 10Base2, or Thinnet Cable 83 The RG-58’s lighter shield still provides good protection against electrical noise. 84 Fiber Optic Cables 85 Cable Construction 86 Fiber end-view 87 The Glass Fiber 88 ST connector 89 ST Connector 90 LAN Communication Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. LAN Technologies: • Ethernet • Token Ring • ARCnet • LocalTalk 92 Ethernet • Developed by Xerox in early ’70s. • Has become most popular networking technology in use today. • A variety of speeds and cabling options have evolved. • It is fast, inexpensive, and flexible. • It continues to evolve. • Majority of new networks use Ethernet. 93 Networking is all about sending data from one location to another. May I have Sure, here Worksheet-101? it is! PC-1 PC-2 94 The CPU routinely sends data from one place to another. CPU 95 But when multiple computers are involved, a new series of problems arise. PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 96 How do you keep all the computers from transmitting at the same time? PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 97 Is this for me? PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 98 Who sent this? PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 99 Ah, it’s from PC-1. Gee, I wonder if it is correct. PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 100 Here’s the ten gigabyte folder you wanted! PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 101 Large files are broken into manageable chunks called packets. Large File Packets 102 How do you keep two computers from transmitting at the same time? PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 103 Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 104 Carrier Sense • Each computer attached to the network examines the cable before transmitting. • If it senses traffic on the cable, it waits until the traffic clears before transmitting. 105 Multiple Access • All computers on the network have equal access to the cable. • A lowly desktop has the same access as the Windows NT Server. • Access is on a first-come, first-served basis. • The only consideration is: ―Is someone else using the cable?‖ 106 Collisions still happen PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 107 The computers involved in the collision detect the collision. Wow! That’s Wow! That’s not what I not what I said! said! PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 108 The computers involved in the collision back off for a random length of time. I’ll back off for I’ll try ―y‖ ―x‖Microseconds Microseconds. PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 109 Collisions are a natural characteristic of Ethernet. PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5 110.